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  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 2: Experimental Techniques in Chemistry

    11th Class Chapter 2: Experimental Techniques in Chemistry Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 2 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 2 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Greater the temperature of the gas closer the straight line of p verses 1/V to the pressure axis. Justify? co

    Ans: When the temperature of same gas increased for the number of moles, then the volume increase at the same pressure. The inverse of volumes decrease at the same pressure. So the points for the graph is above the temperature graph.

    Q.2: Hydrogen gas diffuses faster than CO2?

    Ans: As the molecular weight of H₂ is lighter than CO₂ and according to the Grahams law the rate of diffusion of gases is inversely proportional to the square root of their molecular weights. So hydrogen gas diffuses faster than CO₂. bingspun

    Q.3: Why is the Boyle’s law applicable only to the ideal gas?

    Ans: Boyle’s law is applicable to those gases which have no forces of attractions among the molecules. Such gases are ideal so Boyle’s law of applicable to only ideal gases. Kiritalianja

    Q.4: Charles’s law is not obeyed when the temperature is measured an Celsius Scale? Justify it?

    Ans: The foundation stone of Charles’s law is the absolute scale of temperature which starts

    Q.5: Dalton’s law of partial pressure is only applicable to those mixtures of gases which are ideal, and they do not react with each other under the green condition? Why?

    Ans: Dalton’s law is applicable to the mixtures of gases. All the gases in the mixture should have no forces of attraction or repulsions so that they may be able to axert their own pressures independently. This is only possible when the gases are non-polar.

    Q.6: How the value of the general gas constant “R” can be derived with the help of Avogadro’s law?

    Ans: According to Avogadro’s law, the volume of one of all the ideal gases at S. T. P are 22.4 dm³.

    Q.7: Calculate the S.I unit of R?

    Ans: According to Avogadro’s law we put the values of P. V. T and n the value of R.

    Q.8: The pressure cooker helps in cooking the meat and vegetables quickly even at high altitude?

    Ans: In pressure cooker vapors are not allowed to escape, they therefore develop more vapour pressure in the cooker and boiling point of water increases. Thus vegetables and meat is cooked quickly in the cooker even at high altitude.

    Q.9: HF is the weaker acids in halogen acid explain?

    Ans: In halogen acids HF is the weaker acid because in HF hydrogen bonding is present due to which HF does not loose H* easily as compared to other acids.

    Q.10: Boiling point of water is higher than that of HF?

    Ans: Boiling point of H2O is greater than that of HF because F atom form one H bond and per molecule while H₂O form two H bonds or molecule.

    Q.11: When water freezes ix occupies in ore space and its density decreases. Explain?

    Ans: When water freezes its molecules are arranged regularly and empty spaces are produced due to which percentage of volume is increased, hence density decreases.

    Q.12: Vapour Pressure, Boiling point increases with increase in external pressure?

    Ans: V.p and b.p increases with the increase in external liquid becomes equal to external pressure. Thus by increasing external pressure V.P and b.p also increase.

    Q.13: Explain why metallic crystals are good conductor of electricity, hut ionic crystal are not?

    Ans: In metallic crystals valence electrons are loosely held and move freely throughout the crystal. Therefore they are good conductors of electricity. In ionic crystals ions are present which are not able to move in an electric field due to strong inter ionic attraction. Hence ionic crystals do not conduct electricity.

    Q.14: Explain why density of a liquid decreases with increase in temperature?

    Ans: When a liquid is heated the average K.E. of the molecules increases and intermolecular force of attraction decreases. Consequently, the intermolecular distance increases, this results in expansion of liquid and density is lowered.

    Q.15: Density of H₂O is maximum at 40 C? Explain?

    Ans: The density of water is maximum at 40C because the molecules form big clusters at this temperature due to extensive hydrogen bonding.

    Q.16: Liquid are miscible while solids are not?

    Ans: Solid cannot mix-up ordinarily to form homogeneous mixture like liquids and gases because the solid particles possess only vibration motion and no transitional motion as in liquid.

    Q.17: Rate of diffusion in liquids in slow as compared to gases?

    Ans: Diffusion occurs due to transnational motion of the matter particles from one place to another. In gases particles possess greater intermolecular space where liquids have little intermolecular spaces therefore in case gases molecules are easily pass through the intermolecular spaces of other liquid for mixing up.

    Q.18: The effect of pressure on the volume of liquid is negligible?

    Ans: The molecules of a liquid are so close that their intermolecular distance can not be decreased appreciably by applying pressure. That is why the effect of pressure on the volume of liquid is negligible.

    Q.19: When a gas obeys the Boyle’s the isothermal for the gas can be plotted? Justify?

    Ans: Isotherms are the graphs between pressure and volume at constant temperature and number of moles. This condition is fulfilled by Boyle’s law. The word isotherms means “same temperature”.

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    For the 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 2 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 1: Introduction to Fundamtal Concepts of Chemistry

    11th Class Chapter 1: Introduction to Fundamtal Concepts of Chemistry Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Give reasons that formation of positive ion is in endothermic reaction?

    Ans: Formation of positive ion is an endothermic process because heat is required to remove electron from a neutral atom to form positive ion.

    Q.2: Why a physical change is temporary change?

    Ans: Because due to the physical change no new substances are formed, therefore it is temporary change.

    Q.3: Explain why chemical change is permanent change?

    Ans: As during chemical change new substances are formed so it is a permanent change.
    Example:
    ➤ Rusting of iron.
    ➤ Conversion of water in a steam.

    Q.4: Why a limiting reactant controls the quantities of products in a chemical reaction?
    Ans: The limiting reactant is a substance which produces least of products after its complete consumption. After the complete consumption of the limiting reactant no more products are formed, as the reactants are not mixed in stoichiometric amounts to form products. During a chemical reaction. Thus a limiting reactant controls the quantities of products in a chemicle reaction.

    Q.5: what is the atomic mass unit?

    Ans: It is a unit of mass used for atoms and molecules and it equal to the 12 of the mass of carbon atom – 12. It is obtained by dividing the unity by Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 1023).

    Q.6: Define empirical formula and explain how it is related to molecular formula?
    Ans: The simplest formula of a substance which tells us the ratio of atoms in the molecule of a substance is called empirical formula.
    MF = n(E.F)

    Q.7: Why molecular formula is the multiple of empirical formula? Give one example?

    Ans: The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of different elements present in a compound. Molecular formula tells us the number of atoms of each element in a molecule. Hence the empirical formula has to be multiplied with a suitable digit to get the molecular formula.

    Q.8: N₂ and CO have same number of electrons, protons and neutrons. Justify?
    Ans:     In N₂:
    No. of electrons in N₂ = 7+7=14
    No. of protons in N₂ = 7+7=14
    And No. of neutrons in N₂ = (14-7)=7+7=14
    No. of electrons in C=6
    No. of electrons in 0=8
    Total number of electrons = 6 +8=14
    Number of protons in C=6
    Number of protons in 0=8
    Total number of protons 6 + 8 = 14
    Number of neutrons in C = 6
    Number of neutrons in 0=8
    Total number of neutrons = 6 + 8 = 14

    Q.9: How can the efficiency of a chemical reaction can be expressed?

    Ans: The efficiency of a chemical reaction can be expressed by the percentage yield of the chemical reaction. Percentage yield depends upon the ratio of actual yield and theoretical yield.

    Yield (%) = Actual Yield / Theoriical Yield × 100

    Q.10: Distinguish between actual and theoretical yield?
    Ans:     The amount of the product that is obtained in a chemical reaction is called actual yield. The amount of product calculated from balanced chemical equation is called theoretical
    yield.

    The efficiency of the chemical reactions can be calculated as

    Yield (%) = Actual Yield × 100 P / Theoretical Yield

    Q.11: What is limiting reagent? How it helps to control the reaction?

    Ans: A limiting reagent is that one, which is in lesser quantity and it is consumed earlier.
    Whenever, it is consumed then the further formation of the product stops, although then
    excess reagent is lying in the vessel if the limiting reagent is not available to the excess
    reagent then product can be found further.

    Q.12: Whenever an electron is removed from the atom a cation is produced and the formation of the cation is au endothermic process. Why?

    Ans: The number of electrons and protons in an atom are equal. When the electron is removed from the atom, energy has to be supplied. So it is an endothermic process. The ion developed from the positive charge and is called action.

    Q.13: Why the isotopes have the same chemical properties?

    Ans: The isotopes of an element have the same number of electrons in different orbitals. They have the same number of unpaired electrons in the outermost shells. The number of unpaired electrons in the outermost orbitals determines the chemical properties of elements.

    Q.14: Define Avogadro’s number? How does it relate to the masses of chemical substances?

    Ans: It is the number of atoms, molecules or ions in one gram mole of an element compound and ion. One – gram mole of the substance is the atomic mass, molar mass or ionic mass taken in grams. It means that the number of the species is related with the masses of the species.

    Q.15: Prove that one mole of each N₂, CO₂ and H₂ contain equal number of molecules?

    Ans: This is according to Avogadro’s law that one mole of a substance has 6.02×10-23 molecules in it. So 28 grains of H2, 44 grams of CO2 and 2 grams of H₂ have 6.02×1023 molecule in each.

    Q.16: Differentiate between limiting and non limiting reactants?

    Ans: Limiting reactant produces least of products after its complex consumption, while non limiting reactant does not do so.

    Q.17: Define Stoichiomety?

    Ans: The study of quantitative between the reactants and products in a balanced equation Id called Stoichiometry.

    Q.18: Give reasons that one mole of different compounds have different masses but has the same number of molecules?

    Ans: One mole of different compound have different masses because different compounds have different molecular masses but all have same number as 1 mole is equal to 6.02×1023 molecules.

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    For the 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Biology Chapter 8: Kingdom Fungi

    11th Class Chapter 8: Kingdom Fungi Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Biology Chapter 8 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Biology Chapter 8 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Biology Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1 What is hypha?

    Ans. Hypha is a long, slender, branched and thread like filament of fungal body.

    Q.2 What are fungi? OR Define fungi?

    Ans. The eukaryotic organisms which have cell wall but cannot synthesize their food are called fungi.

    Q.3 What is mycelium?

    Ans. Mycelium is body of fungi which represent group of hyphae.

    Q.4 What do you mean by Bioremediation?

    Ans. Bioremediation organisms. means degrading or removed environmental poisons or pollutants by

    Q.5 What is haustoria?

    Ans. These are special hyphae produced in parasitic fungi. These hyphae penetrate into the host tissue and absorb food.

    Q.6 What is the advantage of incomplete septa in septate hyphae?

    Ans. Septa of many septate fungi have a pore through which cytoplasm flows from cell to cell, carrying materials to growing tips.

    Q.7 Why yeasts are different from other fungi?

    Ans. Yeasts differ from other fungi as they are unicellular.

    Q.8 Name sexual and asexual spores of Ascomycota?

    Ans. Sexual spores are called ascospores borne in asci while asexual spores are called conidia in Ascomycota.

    Q.9 What are the main types of mycorrhiza?

    Ans. (i) Endomycorrhizae (ii) Ectomycorrhizae
    (i) Endomycorrhiza: in which the fungal hyphae penetrate the outer cell of the plant root, forming coils, swellings and minute branches, and also extend out into surrounding soil.
    (ii) Ectomycorrhiza: in which the hyphae surround and extend between the cells but do not penetrate the cell walls of the roots. These are found in pines, firs etc.

    Q.10 Why is green mould more likely to contaminate an orange kept in refrigerator than the bacteria?

    Ans. Fungi can tolerate temperature extremes 5-6°C below freezing and hence are more likely to contaminate an organe kept in a refrigerator than the bacteria.

    Q.11 How fungi get its mutrients?

    Ans. (i) Most fungi are decomposers i.e., obtain their flood from dead organisms. e.g., Yeast, Agaricus.
    (ii) Some fungi are parasites i.e., obtain food from living worst host. e.g., rust and smut.
    (ii) Some are predators e.g., Arthrobotrys.

    Q.12 What do you mean by term karyogamy?

    Ans. The fusion of nuclie in different mycelia is called karyogamy.

    Q.13 What are yeats?

    Ans. Yeasts are unicellular microscopic fungi which are non-hyphal in structure.

    Q.14 What is parasxuality?

    Ans. The exchange of portion of cromosomes of two nuclei lying in the same hyphae.

    Q.15 What are the benefits of mychrrohizae?

    Ans. The fungal hyphae of mychrrohizae increase the amount of soil contact and total surface area for absorption and help in direct absorption of minerals and nutrients from the soil. enry com

    Q.16 Name any four important fungal diseases of plants?

    Ans. (a) Rusts (b) Smuts
    (c) Powdery mildews (d) Potato wilt

    Q.17 Name any four important fungal disease of humans?

    Ans. (i) Ringworm (ii) Aspergillosis (iii) Histoplasmosi (iv) Oral and vaginal thrush

    Q.18 Some enzymes of fungi are useful on one hand and harmful on other? Discuss.

    Ans. Some fungal enzymes are used in fermentation and brewing industry but digesting enzymes of some saprotrophic fungi spoil our food, plastic, paper and textile.

    Q.19 What do you mean by Rust?

    Ans. It is fungal disease of platns. As its colour is brown like that of iron, so it is called as rust.

    Q.20 What is the difference between dikaryotic and diploid?

    Ans. Fungal cells having two nuclei of different genetic make up are called dikaryotic while
    having two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell or hypha is called diploid
    condition.

    Q.21 Define obligate parasites?

    Ans. Obligate parasites can grow only on their living host and cannot grown on available defined
    growth culture medium. For example many suit species.

    Q.22 Differentiate between plasmogamy and karyogamy?

    Ans. Fusion of cyctoplasm is plasmogamy and fusion of nuclei is karyogamy.

    Q.23 Define facultative parasite?

    Ans. They can grown parasitically on their host as well as by themselves on artificial growth media.

    Q.24 What are ascospores?

    Ans. Most sac fungi have asci inside macroscopic fruiting bodies called ascocarps, the visible morels.

    Q.25 Write two differences between fungi and animal?

    Ans. Fungi are different from animals as:
    (i) They are non-motile.
    (ii) They have absorptive mode of nutrition.

    Q.26 What is ergotism?

    Ans. Ergotism is caused by eating bread made from purple ergot-contaminated rye flour. The poisonous material in the ergot causes nervous spasm convulsion, even gangrene.

    Q.27 What is the method of traping nematodes in arthrobotrys?

    Ans. Some species of Arthrobotrys trap soil nematodes by forming constricting ring, their hyphae invading and digesting unlucky victim.

    Q.28 How asexual reproduction takes place in fungi?

    Ans. Asexual reproduction takes place by spores, conidia, fragmentation, and budding.

    Q.29 What is Rhodotorula?

    Ans. Rhodotorula is a pink yeast which grows on shower curtains and other moist surfaces.

    Q.30 Give a single characteristic that differentiates zygomycota from basidiomycota?

    Ans. Zygospores are formed in zygomycota while basidiospores are the sexually reproducing
    spores in basidiomycota.

    Q.31 What is the composition of fungal cell wall and how is this composition advantageous to fungi?

    Ans. Cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin, which is more resistant to decay than are cellulose and lignin which make up plant cell wall.

    Q.32 What do you mean by histoplasmosis?

    Ans. It is a serious infection of lungs caused by inhaling spores of a fungus, which is common in soil contaminated with bird’s feces.

    Q.33 Write two similarities of plants with fungi?

    Ans. They resemble plants in some respects i.e.
    (1) They have cell wall.
    (ii) They lack centrioles and are non-motile.

    Q.34 Write two dissimilarities of plants with fungi?

    Ans. They differ plants as:
    (i) Fungi are hetrotrophs.
    (ii) They lack cellulose in their cell walls and contain chitin.

    Q.35 Differentiate between the members of each of the following pairs?
    (a) Spore/Conidium
    (b) Ascus/Basidium
    (c) Dikaryotic / diploid
    (d) Ascocarp/ascus
    (e) Obligate parasite / Facultative parasite
    (f) Endomycorrhizae / Ectomycorrhizae
    (g) Plasmogamy / Karyogamy

    Ans. (a) Spore/Conidium: Spores are non-motile, small asexual structures produced inside the reproductive structures called sporangia, which are cut off from the hyphae by complete septa. Conidia (singular conidium) are non-motile, asexual spores which are cut off at the end of modified hyphae called conidiophores, and not inside the sporangia, usually in chains or clusters.
    (b) Ascus/Basidium: Basidiomycotes have sexual reproductive structure, the basidium (plural basida), on which basidospores are formed. Ascomycetes produce haploid sexual spores called ascospores inside their characteristic sac like structures called asci (single-ascus).
    (c) Dikaryotic / Diploid: A fungal hypha / cell having 2 nuclei of different genetic types is called dikaryotic (heterokaryotic) hypha / cell. A cell or organism having full set of chromosomes e.g., 46 or 23 pairs in man, is called diploid.
    (d) Ascocarp/ Ascus: Ascus is the characteristic sac like structure in which ascoposores are formed by meiosis while ascocarp is the macroscopic fruiting body in which asci are present.
    (e) Obligate Parasites/ Facultative Parasities:
    Obligate Parasites: They can grow only on their living host and cannot be grown on available defined growth culture medium e.g., various mildews and most rust species.
    Facultative Parasites: These organisms (fungi, bacteria) can grow parasitically on
    their host as well as by themselves in artificial growth media.
    (f) Endomycorrhizae / Ectomycorrhizae:
    (i) Endomycorrhizae, in which the fungal hyphae penetrate the outer cell of the plant root, forming coils, swellings and minute branches, and also extend out into surrounding soil.
    (ii) Ectomycorrhizae, in which the hypahe surround and extend between the cells but do not penetrate the cell walls of the roots. These are mostly formed with pines, firs etc. However, the mycelium extends far out into the soil in both kinds of mycorrhizae.
    (g) Plasmogamy / Karyogamy: The fusion of nuclei is called karyogamy while the fusion of cytoplasm is called plasmogamy.

    Q.36 What are Hyphae? What is advantage of having incomplete septa?

    Ans. Hyphae: Mcyelium consists of long slendrer, branched, tubular, thread like filaments called the hyphae (singular hypha). Hyphae spread extensively over the surface of substratum. Their walls are composed of chitin, so their wall is highly resistant to decay. Hyphae may be septate or non-septate.
    Advantage of having Incomplete Septa: Cytoplasm flows from cell to cell, carrying the materials to growing tips and enabling the hyphae to grow rapidly when food and water are abundant and temperature is favourable.

    Q.37 What is the composition of fungal cell wall and how is this composition advantageous to fungi?

    Ans. Fungal cell walls are composed of chitin, so their wall is more resistant to decay than are cellulose and lignin which make up plant cell wall.

    Q.38 To which phyla do the yeasts belong? How they differ from other fungi?

    Ans.Yeasts are unicellular microscopic fungi, derived from all the three different groups of fungi but mostly Ascomycetes, and reproducing mostly asexually by budding. However, yeasts reproduce sexually by forming asci / ascospores or basidia / basidiospores. They ferment carbohydrate (glucose) to ethanol and carbon dioxide. They are non-hyphal.

    Q.39 Name sexual and asexual spores of ascomycetes?

    Ans. Sexual spores are ascospores while asexual spores are conidia.

    Q.40 What are mycorrhizae?

    Ans. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic association between certain fungi and roots of vascular plants
    (about 95% of all kinds of vascular plants). The fungal hypahe dramatically increase the
    amount of soil contact and total surface area for absorption and help in the direct absorption
    of phosphorus, zinc, copper and other nutrients from the soil into the roots. Such plants
    show better growth than those without this association. The plant, on the other hand,
    supplies organic carbon to fungal hyphae.

    Q.41 By what means can individuals in imperfect fungi be classified?

    Ans. Individuals in imperfect fungi can be classified on the basis of DNA sequence, though
    sexual structures may not be found.

    Q.42 Give a single characteristic that differentiates Zygomycota from Basidiomycota?

    Ans. In Zygomycota, non-septate, multinucleate hyphae are present while in Basidiomycota, septate dikaryotic hyphae are found.

    Q.43 State two paralleled characteristics of ascomycete and Basidiomycetes?

    Ans. Ascomycete:
    (i) Their sexual spores are called ascopsores.
    (ii) Nuclear fusion in the basidium is followed by meiosis.

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    For the 11th Class Biology Chapter 8 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Biology Chapter 10: Kingdom Animalia

    11th Class Chapter 10: Kingdom Animalia Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Biology Chapter 10 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Biology Chapter 10 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Biology Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1 What is flame cell?
    Ans. It is a cup-shaped cell with a bunch of cilia which work in its lumen. It is concerned with excretion. Flame cells are usually connected together by canals which ultimately open to the exterior of the animal.
    Q.2 What are tetrapods?
    Ans. All the animals having four limbs are called tetrapods. This super class following classes:
    (i) Class Amphibia (ii) Class Reptilia
    (iii) Class Aves (iv) Class Mammalia
    Q.3 Name the glass sponge of antarctica which is more than a metre tall. cher yom
    Ans. Its name is Scolymastra joubini.
    Q.4 What are nematocysts?
    Ans. The nematocysts are the organs of offence and defence in the coelenterates.
    Q.5 Quote examples of jawless fishes?
    Ans. These are lampreys and hagfishes.
    Q.6 Give example of a legless amphibion?
    Ans. It is the Caecilian..
    Q.7 Who proposed the word mammal?
    Ans. Linnaeus proposed the word mammal.
    Q.8 How many aortic arches are found in birds and mammals?
    Ans.     Only a single aortic arch is found, right in birds and left in mammals.
    Q.9 Name a phylum which is exclusively marine?
    Ans. It is phylum Echinodermata and Oxidaria.
    Q.10 How do annelids respire?
    Ans. The annelids respire through skin.
    Q.11 Quote an example of a free-living flat worm?
    Ans. Planaria is a free-living flat worn.
    Q.12 Name the intermediate host in the life-cycle of tapeworm?
    Ans. It is pig or cattle.
    Q.13 What is the coelom of arthropods known as?
    Ans. The coelom of arthropods is known as the haemocoel.
    Q.14 What is the cause of malaria?
    Ans. The cause of malaria is a protozoan known as the Plasmodium.
    Q.15 What does the term ‘calcareous’ mean?
    Ans. The term calcareous means “made up of calcium carbonate”.
    Q.16 What are the molluscs with coiled shells known as?
    Ans. These are called gas tropods.
    Q.17 Why has the name craniata been also given to Vertebrata?
    Ans. Since the vertebrates posses cranium, the Vertebrata is also known as Craniata.
    Q.18 Quote examples of bony fishes?
    Ans.     These are trout, perch plaice (flat fish).
    Q.19 Name two flight less (running) birds?
    Ans. These are ostrich and kiwi.
    Q.20 What is the other name of external ear of mammals?
    Ans. The external ear of mammals is also called pinna.
    Q.21 Name the early mammal-like reptile which was found as fossil in Texas. now.com?
    Ans. Its name is Varanope.
    Q.22 What is hydrostatic skeleton?
    Ans. Arrangement in animal or organ conferring rigidity by distension with fluid as movement of Oligochaeta, Polychaeta and Nematoda.
    Q.23 What is book lung?
    Ans. It is a respiratory organ of some air-breathing arachnids, consists of projections containing blood and arranged like leaves of a book in a depression of body wall.
    Q.24 Where is the food masticated in birds?
    Ans.     The food in birds is masticated in a thick muscular structure known as the gizzard.
    Q.25 Name the protective embryonic membranes of reptiles?
    Ans.     These are the amnion, allantios and chorion.
    Q.26 Distinguish oviparous animals from viviparous ones?
    Ans.     The animals which lay eggs are called oviparous e.g., birds while those which give birth to the young ones are known as viviparous. e.g., mammals.
    Q.27 The teeth of some mammals (asmon) are known in two sets. Name them?
    Ans. These are deciduous or milk set and the permanent set.
    Q.28 In which geological period did the mammals become dominant?
    Ans. The mammals became dominate in cenozoic period.
    Q.29 How is malaria spread?
    Ans. Malaria is spread by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.
    Q.30 Differentiate between Anamniotes and Amniotes?
    Ans. Anamniotes: The animals without fetal membrane e.g., Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes and Amphibia known as anamniotes.
    Amniotes or Amnota: The animals with fetal membranes (aminon, allantois & chorion) e.g., Reptilia, Aves and Mammals, are called amniotes.

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    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Biology Chapter 9: Kingdom Plantae

    11th Class Chapter 9: Kingdom Plantae Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Biology Chapter 9 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Biology Chapter 9 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Biology Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1 What is Oospore?

    Ans. A thick walled zygote that is formed after the fertilization of an Oosphere.

    Q.2 Define a spike?

    Ans. A racemose inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and borne on an elongated axis as in wheat.

    Q.3 Are all the seed plants also known as the flowering plants?

    Ans. No, only the angiosperms are also called flowering plants but not the gymnosperms.

    Q.4 Which are the probable ancestors of bryophytes?

    Ans. These are the green algae.

    Q.5 Name the most primitive (earliest) group of vascular plants?

    Ans. It is the Psilopsida (Psilophyta).

    Q.6 Name a heterosporous lycopsid?

    Ans. It is the Selaginella.

    Q.7 What is a sorus in ferns?

    Ans. A group of sporangia is known as a urity on Adiantum..

    Q.8 What is prothallus?

    Ans. The gametophyte of fern is also called as the prothallus. It has leaf like shape.

    Q.9 What does a stamen of flower consist of?

    Ans. The stamen consists of a filament and an anther.

    Q.10 From which part of the flower fruit is formed?

    Ans. The fruit is formed from the ovary of the flower.

    Q.11 How many sperms are carried by one pollen tube?

    Ans. One pollen tube carries two sperms.

    Q.12 What is scientific name of Kachnar?

    Ans. It is Bauhinia variegata.

    Q.13 Which drugs are obtained from Atropa belladona and Datura?

    Ans. These drugs are atropine and daturin.

    Q.14 What are the names of the pea family?

    Ans. The pea family is called Papilionaceae or Fabaceae.

    Q.15 Write down the names of the parts of typical carpel?

    Ans. The parts of a typical carpel of flower are the ovary, style and stigma.

    Q.16 What is a sporophyll?

    Ans. A leaf bearing sporangia is called a sporophyll.

    Q.17 Quote some examples of important ferns?

    Ans. These are Dryopteris, Pteridium Adiantum and Pteris.

    Q.18 Which vascular plant first evolved true roots and leaves?

    Ans. These were the lycopods (lycopsids).

    Q.19 Classify horsetails?

    Ans. Kingdom Plantae, division Tracheophyta and sub-division Sphenopsida.

    Q.20 What is a thallus i.e., thalloid plant body?

    Ans. The body of plant which is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves is called a thallus or thalloid plant body.

    Q.21 What are paraphyses in mosses?

    Ans. In mosses, paraphyses are the sterile hairs which lie between the antheridia and the archegonia.

    Q.22 How do the psilopsids manufacture their food when they lack leaves?

    Ans. The aerial branches of psilopsids are green and photosynthetic.

    Q.23 Explain indusium?

    Ans. Indusium is a flap of tissue that partially or completely covers each sorus (group of sporangia) in certain ferns.

    Q.24 Explain racemose inflorescence?

    Ans. A racemose inflorescence is that in which the flowers are formed on individual pedicels on the main axis.

    Q.25 Define didynamous condition?

    Ans. Having two long stamens and two short stamens in single whirl.

    Q.26 What is perianth?

    Ans. The structure that protects the developing reproductive parts of the flower.

    Q.27 What is the principal function of xylem?

    Ans. The principle function of xylem in the plants is the upward transportation of water and solutes.

    Q.28 What are the seed producing plants normally called?

    Ans. The seed producing plants are normally called spermatophytes.

    Q.29 What is a compound leaf?

    Ans. A leaf, the blade (lamina) of which is divided into several pieces or leaflets (pinnae) is called a compound leaf.

    Q.30 Where do the ferns grow?

    Ans. The ferms grow in moist and shady places on the hills and in the plains.

    Q.31 How are ferns better adapted to life on land than liverworts and mosses?

    Ans. (i) Reproduction is not dependent on water.
    (ii) Sporophyte and gametophyte are independent generations.

    Q.32 Which of the following are nutritionally self supporting?

    Ans. Mature liverwort and moss gametophyte.
    (i) Mature liverwort and moss gametophyte.
    (ii) Mature liverwort and moss sporphyte.

    Q.33 The chance of survival and development of wind-blown pollen grains are much less than those of spores of Adiantum. Comment on this statement?

    Ans. Although spores of Adiantum are also dispersed by wind, however when a spore falls on a moist soil, it germinates at a suitable temperature and produces a haploid gametophyte or prothallus. But in case of wind-blown pollen grains, if they fall on soil, they are wasted. For their survival and development it is must for them to fall on stigma of flower.

    Q.34 Account for the fact that megaspores are large and microspores are small?

    Ans. Megaspores are large since they have to store food for the growth of embryo.

    Q.35 What important advances have angiosperms made towards the seed plant life?

    Ans. One of the most significant events in the history of land plants was the development of seed habit. It was an important change in the reproductive system of the vascular plants. Technically as seed may be defined as a fertilized ovule. An ovule is an integumented indehiscent megasporangium, integuments are specialized protective coverings around megasporangium which vary in number. Megasporangium is also called Nucellus. All seed producing plants are called spermatophytes.
    Major Steps in Evolution of Seed:
    The major steps associated with the evolution of seed habit are as follows:

    1.The evolution of heterospory.

    2.Retention and germination of megaspore within the megasporangium.

    3.Developments of protective layers around megasporangium.

    4.Reduction to a single functional megaspore per sporangium.

    5.Development of an embryo sac within the sporangium.

    6.Modification of distal end of megasporangium for pollen capture.

    Q.36 Write a note on the alternation of generations?

    Ans. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS:
    Definition: It is the phenomenon in the life cycle of many plants in which haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte regularly alternate with each other.
    Explanation: In the life history of bryophytes, pteridophytes and spermatophytes, there are two distinct phases or generations.
    EXAMPLE OF MOSS PLANT:
    (i) Gametophyte: The gametophyte is the dominant generation because it is more conspicuous. It produces gametes called spermatozoid and eggs and is, therefore, called gamete producing generation. A haploid spermatozoid fuses with a haploid egg to produce diploid oospore. The oospore produces a totally different plant called sporophyte (also called sporogonium).
    (ii) Sporophyte: The sporophyte is a less conspicuous generation, which is usually differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. Spores develop within the capsule by meiosis from spore mother cells. The sporophyte produces spores and is, therefore, called spore producing generation. Each spore on germination gives rise to the gametophyte.
    It is should be noted thatthe gametophyte or haploid stage begins with spores and ends at gametes, whereas the sporophyte begins with oospore and ends at spore mother cell.
    Significance of Alternation of Generations: Alternation of generation is very
    (iii) It promotes the chance of survival of organisms.
    (iv) The populations become increasingly better adapted to environment.

    Q.37 What is the importance of the following?
    (i) Seed
    (ii) Double fertilization
    (iii) Heterospory

    Ans. Seed: Seed is very important structure in angiosperms as it leads to next generation. It has protective coverings so it can tolerate unfavourable condition. Whenever it finds suitable environment it will germinate.
    Double Fertilziation: It is the phenomenon in life of angiosperms in which one sperm
    fertilizes the egg forming zygote while other sperm fertilizes fusion nucleus (diploid nucleus) to form a triploid endosperm. The zygote leads to the formation of embryo and then seed while endosperm has stored food which is used for the development of embryo. In certain cases endosperm is the part of the seed (e.g., corn) and provides food for the
    germination of seed.
    Heterospory: It is the condition in which plants make two type of spores i.e., microspores and megaspores, which are different morphologically, structurally and funtionally. They lead to more variations in the next generations.

    Q.38 To what does alternation of generation refer in the plants? Define sporophyte and gametophyte. With which stage is an adult animal comparable? How are they reproductively dissimilar?

    Ans. Alternation of Generation: It is the phenomenon in the life cycle of many plants in which haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte regularly alternates with each other.
    Sporophyte and Gametophyte: The spore-producing generation is called sporophyte while gamete producing generation is called gametophyte.
    Reproductive Dissimilarity between Sporophyte and Gametophyte: The sporophyte is diploid, multicellular generation which produces spores by meiosis. The spores develop into gametophyte. The gametophyte is haploid, multicellular generation which produces gametes by mitosis. The gametes develop into sporophyte.

    Q.39 What is a seed? Why is the seed a crucial adaptation to terrestrial life?

    Ans. Seed: Technically a seed may be defined as a fertilized ovule. An ovule is an integumented indehiscent megasporangium. Integuments are specialized protective coverings around megasporangium which vary in number.
    Seed a Crucial Adaptation to Terrestrial Life: The seed offers maximum degree of protection to a developing embryo under the unfavourable terrestrial environment. The development and evolution of seed habit was a great success and a giant leap which ultimately enabled plants to colonize land permanently.

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    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Biology Chapter 7: The Kingdom Proctoctista

    11th Class Chapter 7: The Kingdom Proctoctista Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Biology Chapter 7 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Biology Chapter 7 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Biology Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: Why we say that Ulva has isomorphic alternation of generation?

    Ans: Because Ulva has the sporophyte and gametophyte in similar morphology.

    Q2: Why Euglena is considered as an animal as well as plant like protoctist?

    Ans: It is considered as animal as well as plant like protoctist because it has chlorophyll which is the characteristic of plants and it has no cell wall and motile these are the characteristics of animals.

    Q3: How Slime molds form a special group of organisms?

    Ans: Slime molds form a special group of organisms because these are animal like in their body and plant like in their reproduction.

    Q4: Why Chlorella is used in physiological experiments?

    Ans: Chlorella is used in physiological experiments because it is easily cultured and used in the research on photosynthesis and respiration.

    Q5: Why class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata?

    Ans: The class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata because they possess flagella on their outer surface of body.

    Q6: How colonial protozoan can be distinguished from a multicellular animal?

    Ans: Colonial protozoan can be distinguished from multicellular organisms due to their cell size and their cells are not specialized for any function.

    Q7: On what basis protozoa are classified into five classes?

    Ans: They are divided into five classes on the basis of their mode of locomotion.

    Q8: Why female mosquito bite causes the malaria not male mosquito?

    Ans: Only female mosquito bite causes the malaria because it contains malarial parasite in its salivary glands while male mosquito does not contain it.

    Q9: What causes the shivering in malaria?

    Ans: The simultaneous bursting of millions of red blood cells causes shivering in malaria.

    Q10: Why biologists regarded proctist kingdom as a prophylactic group of organisms?

    Ans: Because they are found in great diversity and these organisms do not have their common ancestor.

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    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Biology Chapter 6: The Kingdom Prokaryotae (Monera)

    11th Class Chapter 6: The Kingdom Prokaryotae (Monera) Short and Simple Question & Answer

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    Q1: What are cynobacteria?

    Ans: Cynobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria which were previously known as blue green algae and they true prokaryotes.

    Q2: What are photosynthetic bacteria?

    Ans: Bacteria which synthesize organic compounds by using light energy are called as photosynthetic bacteria.

    Q3: What are parasitic bacteria?

    Ans: Bacteria which grow inside the tissues of other living organisms and obtain food by harming their host are called parasitic bacteria.

    Q4: What are saprophytic bacteria?

    Ans: Bacteria which get their food from dead organic matter are known as saprophytic bacteria.

    Q5: What is plasmid?

    Ans: It is the small circular, double stranded DNA molecule and self replicating present in many bacteria.

    Q6: What are akinets?

    Ans: Akinets are non motile asexual spores formed during unfavourable conditions.

    Q7: what are pili?

    Ans: Pili are fine, hollow, filament like structures and not used for the locomotion but help in the conjugation of bacteria.

    Q8: What are mesosomes?

    Ans: The plasma membrane of bacterial cell is folded inward to form a special structure called mesosomes.

    Q9: What does Atrichous mean?

    Ans: Atricous means bacteria without flagella.

    Q10: What is meant by binary fission?

    Ans: It is the process of asexual reproduction present bacteria.

    Q11: What are obligate aerobes?

    Ans: Bacteria which only can survive in the presence of oxygen are known as obligate aerobes.

    Q12: What are heterocysts?

    Ans: In the filament of Nostoc some larger, yellowish, thick walled cells are present called heterocysts which are also take part in the reproduction and nitrogen fixation.

    Q13: What is coenobium?

    Ans: In Nostoc when filaments are intermixed in a gelatinous mass forming a ball like structure called coenobium.

    Q14: What is transduction?

    Ans: It is the type of genetic recombination in which one bacterial genetic material is transferred into cell through bacteriophage.

    Q15: What are hormogonia?

    Ans: The filament of Nostoc breaks up into many pieces called hormogonia and each hormogonium grows into a new filament.

    Q16: What is genetic recombination?
    Ans:     The combination of genetic material from two different sources is called genetic recombination.

    Q17: What are antibiotics?

    Ans: These are the chemical substances which are used to kill micro-organisms that cause infection diseases.

    Q18: What is immunity?

    Ans: The resistance against the infection by pathogenic organisms is called immunity.

    Q19: What are chemosynthetic bacteria?

    Ans: Bacteria which get energy by the oxidaticen and reduction process of various inorganic compounds such as nitrates, sulphur, ammonia etc are known as chemosynthetic bacteria.

    Q20: How many shapes of bacteria?

    Ans: There are four shapes of bacteria.

    Q21: Do any other microbial groups besides bacteria have prokaryotic cell?

    Ans: Cynobacteria or blue green algae are also having prokaryotic cell.

    Q22: How bacteria are classified as gram positive and gram negative?

    Ans: Certain bacteria are stained with a violet or bluish colour are said to gram positive where other bacteria do not stained with violet dye are known gram negative bacteria.

    Q23: How conjugation takes place in bacteria?

    Ans: The genetic material of one bacterial cell is transferred into another bacterial cell through a tube
    known as conjugating tube, the process is known as conjugation.

    Q24: Why bacteria are called symbiotic?

    Ans: Some bacteria are called as symbiotic because they form an association with other living organism and they get their food without harming them.

    Q25: Why obligate anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of oxygen?

    Ans: Obligate anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of oxygen because they respire without oxygen.

    Q26: Bacteria are prokaryotes therefore chloroplast must not be present in their cell then how photosynthetic bacteria synthesize there food?

    Ans: These bacteria have same pigments similar to chlorophyll and their pigments dispersed in the cytoplasm. Through these pigments photosynthetic bacteria synthesize their food.

    Q27: How elementary canal bacteria are useful?

    Ans: These bacteria are present in intestine of living organism and help in the digestion of cellulose, by an enzyme cellulase.

    Q28: How Nostoc and Anabana are useful in the field of agriculture?

    Ans: They are used as nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture to improve soil fertility.

    Q29: If conditions are not favourable than how Nostoc would reproduce?

    Ans: They would produce non motile spores from vegetative cells are known as akinets.

    Q30: How bacteria are helpful to clean the world?

    Ans: Some bacteria decompose the dead organisms into simpler compounds in this way they help to clean the world.

    Q31: How cell walls of archaeobacteria are different from other groups?

    Ans: Most groups of bacteria contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls where peptidoglycan is absent in the cell walls of archaeobacteria.

    Q32: How bacteria would reproduce in unfavourable conditions?

    Ans: Bacteria would reproduce through endospore formation in unfavourable conditions.

    Q33: how pili are different from flagella?

    Ans: Pili are fine, thin, and smaller then flagella and they do not help in the locomotion

    Q34: Mitochondria are absent in bacterial cell then how respiration takes place?

    Ans: Plasma membrane of bacteria contains enzymes for respiration process and it acts as mitochondria.

    Q35: Why centroplasm is called as central body in Nostoc?

    Ans: Centroplasm is called as central body because heredity material is present in it due to the absence of nuclear material in it.

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    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Biology Chapter 5: Variety of life

    11th Class Chapter 5: Variety of life Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Biology Chapter 5 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Biology Chapter 5 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Biology Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: What is the basic unit of classification?

    Ans: Species is the basic unit of classification.

    Q2: Previously organisms were divided in how many kingdoms?

    Ans: Previously organisms were divided in to two kingdoms. The plant kingdom and The animal kingdom.
    Q3: Define species?

    Ans: Species is the group of organisms which are capable of interbreeding and are producing fertile offspring.

    Q4: What is capsid?
    Ans: Protein coat that encloses the viral genome is called capsid.

    Q5: Name the different parts of viruses?
    Ans: Viral genome, capsid, envelops, and tail fiber.

    Q6: What modifications were proposed by Margulis and Schwarts in Whittaker’s scheme?
    Ans: They suggested that multicellular algae should be removed from plant kingdom and placed along with all unicellular organisms in a new kingdom called the protoctist which would replace Whittaker’s protist kingdom.

    Q7: What was the major snag in Whittaker’s scheme?

    Ans: The major snag of his scheme was placing of unicellular algae in protist and multicellular algae in plant kingdom.

    Q8: What are two criteria used by Whittaker in his scheme of classification?
    And: He based his classification on two main criteria
    1)Level of organization and 2) Methods of nutrition.

    Q9: What are virods?
    Ans: These are pathogens without capsid consists of tiny molecules of naked RNA and they infect only plants.

    Q10: Define bacteriophage?
    Ans: Viruses that infect bacteria bacteriophage. are called

    Q11: What diseases are caused by Rhinoviruses?
    Ans: Rhinoviruses caused the diseases of nose and throat.

    Q12: What is meant by taxon?
    Ans: Grouping of organisms within the hierarchy is called taxon and each taxon has a rank and a name.

    Q13: binomial nomenclature?
    Ans:     Linnaceus’s system of giving each species a scientific name comprising of two words is known as binomial nomenclature.

    Q14: Define kingdom monera?
    Ans: It is the kingdom of prokaryotes which take their food by different methods.

    Q15: On what basis previously organisms were divided into two kingdoms?
    Ans: Previously organisms were divided into two kingdoms on the basis of presence or absence of cell wall.

    Q16: Which virus causes the AIDS?
    Ans: AIDS is caused by Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) a retrovirus.

    Q17: What are two major routs by which a plant viral diseases can spread?
    Ans: A plant viral disease can spread by horizontal transmission or vertical transmission.

    Q18: Why bacteria and fungi previously placed to the plant kingdom?
    Ans: Previously bacteria and fungi placed to the plant kingdom because they were like plants and possessed a cell wall.

    Q19: Why protoctista considered a something of ‘Rag- bag’?
    Ans: Protoctista considered as something of Rag- bag because it contains all multicellular and unicellular organisms which can not be fitted to any of the other kingdom.

    Q20: Why scientists suggested that multicellular algae should be removed from plant kingdom?
    Ans: They suggested that multicellular algae should be removed from plant kingdom because multicellular algae is more close to unicellular algae than plants and this is why they placed in new kingdom called protoctista.

    Q21: How fungi are different from green plants?

    Ans: Fungi lack chlorophyll, they feed heterotrophically through absorption and their cellular structures are also different from plants.

    Q22: Why viruses are not included in five kingdoms?
    Ans: Viruses are not included in five kingdoms because they are on the borderline between the living and nonliving due to its noncellular nature, presence of only nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat and it is parasite.

    Q23: Why Tobacco Mosaic disease is called as Mosaic disease?
    Ans: Because it causes the leaves to wrinkle and become mottled and mottled effect has the appearance of Mosaic.

    Q24: Why virus which attacks on bacteria is known as bacteriophage virus?
    Ans: They are so called because they attack bacteria. and destroy it.

    Q25: Why a virus that reproduces only by lytic cycle is known as virulent?
    Ans: A virus that reproduces only by lytic cycle is known as virulent because it causes death of bacterial cell.

    Q26: How viruses are classified?
    And: Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology and nucleic acid they contain.

    Q27: Why lysogenic phase of virus is known as temperate phase?
    Ans: Because it replicates the viral genome without destroying it.

    Q28: Why some viruses are referred as arboviruses?
    Ans: Some viruses are referred as arboviruses because they are transmitted by insects and other arthropods.

    Q29: How chemical constitution can be helpful in the classification of living organisms?
    Ans: When morphological characters are failed to classify living organisms because of their similar cellular structures then their chemical constituents are used to classify and identify them.

    Q30: Why bacteriophage is known as tadpole virus?
    Ans: Bacteriophage is known as tadpole because of its tadpole shape with its head and tail regions.

    Q31: Why viruses are harmful for other living organisms?
    Ans: Viruses are harmful for other living organisms because they cause many widespread diseases in living organisms.

    Q32: How living organisms are classified?
    Ans: Living organisms are classified on the basis of homology, comparative biochemistry, cytology and genetics.

    Q33: How plus strand RNA viruses are different from minus strand RNA viruses?
    Ans: Plus strand RNA act directly as mRNA after infecting the host cell, attacking to the host’s ribosomes and being transmitted where minus strand RNA carry the RNA strand complementary to the mRNA that carries the genetic information of the mRNA, which then function in the cell.

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    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Biology Chapter 4: The Cell

    11th Class Chapter 1: The Cell Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Biology Chapter 4 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Biology Chapter 4 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Biology Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: What is nucleoid?

    Ans: In prokaryotic cell nucleic material is usually coiled and concentrated in a region of the cell is called nucleoid.

    Q2: What is active transport?

    Ans: It is the process in which movement of molecules from lower concentration to the higher concentration by energy.

    Q3: What is pinocytosis?

    Ans: It is the process of taking fluid in large amount. When the living cells take up fluid vesicles and it is also called as cell drinking.

    Q4: What is meant by nucleoplasm?
    Ans: The nucleus is filled with protein rich substances called nucleoplasm.

    Q5: Define chromatides?
    Ans: Each chromosome consists of two threads like structures called chromatides.

    Q6: What is cytosol?
    Ans: Cytoplasm consists of a fluid matrix called cytosol in which the organells are found.

    Q7: What is fluid mosaic model of DNA?
    Ans: Singer and Nicholson proposed working model of plasma membrane called fluid mosaic model.

    Q8: What are the main functions of cell membrane?
    Ans: The main functions of plasma membrane are protection of protoplasm, regulation of flow of solutes and material across it due to its selective permeability.

    Q9: Define vacules?
    Ans: Vacules are non protoplasmic liquid filled cavities surrounded by tonoplast.

    Q10: How many membrane? components are of plasma?
    Ans: There arc two components of plasma membrane, phospholipids and protein.

    Q11: What is cyclosis?
    Ans: Cytoplam shows a movement in circular manner called cyclosis.

    Q12: What is cytoskeleton?
    Ans: The network of fibrous proteins give three dimensional structure to cell called cytoskeleton.

    Q13: Define microfilaments?
    Ans:     Cytoplasm consists of a mass of tiny filaments are called microfilaments.

    Q14: Define osmosis?
    Ans: Movement of solvent molecules from the region higher concentration to the region of lower concentration in the presence of a semi permeable membrane is called osmosis.

    Q15: What is chromatin network?
    Ans: A network of fine loosely connected threads in the nucleoplasm is called chromatin network.

    Q16: What is fractionation?
    Ans: It is the isolation of cellular component by breaking and spinning the cell.

    Q17: What are proplastides?
    Ans: Proplastides are colorless. immature plastids found in meristematic tissues, where division of cells takes place.

    Q18: What is the function of microtubules?
    Ans: Microtubules help in the storage of cellulose, movement of chromosomes during cell division, movement of organelles within cytoplasm and movement of cilia and flagella.

    Q19: What are plastids?
    Ans: Plastids are found in plant cells as a chemical synthesizers and storage bodies.

    Q20: What is the function of microfilaments?
    Ans: They help in the internal motion of Cells.

    Q21: Why cell membrane referred as selective permeable membrane membrane? or differential permeable
    Ans: Cell membrane referred as selective permeable membrane or differential permeable membrane because it offers a barrier between the cell contents and their environment; allow only selective substances to pass through it.

    Q22: Why phagocytosis referred as cell eating process?
    Ans: Because plasma membrane absorbs solid particles in this process.

    Q23: Why mitochondria are known as power house of the cell?
    Ans: Mitochondria are known as power house of the cell because they are the main centers of the intercellular energy production.

    Q24: Why ribosomes are called as protein factories?
    Ans: Ribosomes are called as protein factories because they are composed of RNA and protein and they take part in the protein synthesis.

    Q25: Why nucleus is considered as a brain of cell?
    Ans: Nucleus is considered as a brain of a cell because it controls all the vital activities of a cell.

    Q26: What will happen if the function of lysosomes would disturb in cell?
    Ans: It may cause the abnormal conditions or diseases.

    Q27: Why did it take nearly 200 years from the time of Robert Hooke for the cell theory to develop?
    Ans: Because scientists had to technology to develop. wait for the

    Q28: Say for instance you are looking a single cell that is green in colour. How do you it is a plant cell?
    Ans: Animal cells do not have the chloroplast which makes plant cells look green, so it is a plant cell.

    Q29: Which organelle act as a lysosome in plant cell and why?
    And: Vacules sometime act as a lysosome in plant cell because they contain hydrolytic enzyme and after the death of cell the enzymes of vacule cause the break down of cell.

    Q30: How prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes?

    Ans: Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization specifically they lack nuclear membrane and they also lack any intracellular organelle which is double membranacious.

    Q31: What will happen if chromosome loses its centromere?
    Ans:     It will be unable to pair with any other chromosome and will result the cell death.

    Q32: Why lysosomes are referred as suicide sacs?
    Ans:     Lysosomes contain power digestive enzymes and they have capacity of total cell destruction because of this they are referred as suicide sacs.

    Q33: What would happen to a plant cell that suddenly lost its chloroplast?
    Ans:     If the chloroplast die or disappear then the plant would die of hunger.

    Q34: Why organelles are important in cells?
    Ans:     Organelles are important in cells because without organelles a cell would not be able to anything and it would be dead.

    Q35: How rough endoplasmic reticulum is differs from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
    Ans:     Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes on their outer surface while smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes on their surface..

    Q36: Which organelle of a cell is transferred from mother only to new generation? and why?
    Ans:     Mitochondria are transferred from mother to new generation because these are present only in eggs not in sperms.

    Q37: Which organelles of a cell have its own DNA except nucleus?
    Ans    : Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA.

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    For the 11th Class Biology Chapter 4 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Biology Chapter 3: Enzymes

    11th Class Chapter 3: Enzymes Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Biology Chapter 3 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Biology Chapter 3 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Biology Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: Why butter solidifies at room temperature but not mustered oil?

    Ans: Butter solidifies at room temperature because butter is saturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature and mustered oil is unsaturated fatty acid this is why it usually liquid at room temperature.

    Q2: How DNA is different from RNA in nucleotides?
    Ans:     Nucleotides of DNA contains Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine where nucleotides of RNA contain Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uricil.

    Q3: Why lipids are used to store energy?
    Ans: lipids are used to store energy because of higher proportion of C-H bonds and very low proportion of oxygen and they store double amount of energy as compared to any carbohydrate.

    Q4: Why DNA is considered as heredity material?
    Ans: DNA considered as genetic material because it contains genes and genes contains heredity characters which are transferred into new generation.

    Q5: Why proteins are called nitrogenous compounds?
    Ans: Proteins are called nitrogenous compounds because they contain nitrogen.

    Q6: Why carbohydrates are called as hydrated carbons?
    Ans: Carbohydrates are called as hydrated carbons because they contain the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen is the same as in water.

    Q7: How conjugated molecules are formed?
    Ans: When two different groups of biomolecules are combined together, conjugated molecules are formed.

    Q8: Why glycolipids are also called as cerebrosides?
    Ans: Glycolipids are also called as cerebrosides because these are found in brain.

    Q9: Why monosaccharides are also called as simple sugars?
    Ans: These are also called as simple sugars because they can not further hydrolysed into simple sugars.

    Q10: Why phospholipids are most important class are most important class of lipids?
    Ans: Phospholipids are most important class of lipids because these are present in all living cells and are associated with membranes and related with vital functions of cell.

    Q11: Why water requires higher amount of energy to change into vapours or ice?
    Ans: Water requires higher amount of energy to change into vapours or ice because water contains hydrogen bonding which holds the water molecules together and gives stability to water molecules also.

    Q12: Why water molecules are considered as amphoteric molecules?
    Ans: Water molecules are considered as amphoteric molecules because water acts both an acid and a base.

    Q13: How many essential amino acids are found in the body of living organisms?
    Ans: There twenty essential amino acids are found in the body of living organisms.

    Q14: Do mononucleotides work independently as heredity material? Why?
    Ans:     Mononucleotides do not work independently as genetic material because they are not associated with RNA or DNA and they are found singly in the cell or as a part of other molecules.

    Q15: Many birds must store large amounts of energy to power flight during migration which type of organic molecules would be the most advantageous for energy storage why?
    Ans:     Lipids would be most advantageous organic molecules for energy storage because lipids have higher proportion of C-H bonds and very low proportion of oxygen; lipids store double the amount of amount of energy as compared to carbohydrates.

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    For the 11th Class Biology Chapter 3 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.