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  • 10th Class English Chapter 3: Try Again

    10th Class Chapter 3: Try Again Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  English Chapter 3 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class English Chapter 3 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 English Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1 What is the lesson taught in the first stanza?
    Answer:     The first stanza teaches the lesson of perseverance. It teaches that our first failure should
    not make us sad. Rather it should urge us to make daring and steady steps


    Q.2 What can we learn from failure?
    Answer    : Failure teaches us the lesson of courage. It urges us to take more daring and steady steps
    to reach our goal.


    Q.3 How is failure not a disgrace?
    Answer:     To leave working after failure is surely a disgrace. But if failure urges to take more daring
    and steady steps, it is no disgrace then.


    Q.4 How many times should we try and why?
    Answer:     We should keep on trying until we succeed. If we leave trying after failure, it would be
    disgraceful. That is why we should keep on trying.


    Q.5 What should we do if we find our task hard?
    Answer:     If we find our task hard, we should not be discouraged. We must see that if other people
    can do it, we can do it also. Then we would do it successfully.


    Q.6 Give an example of struggle from your life?
    Answer:     Moon is my friend. He wrote a novel which proved to be a total failure. But he kept on
    trying. Finally he has written a best-selling romantic novel.


    Additional Short Questions:
    Q.1 What does the word „persevere‟ mean?
    Answer:     It means „to continue trying to do something in spite of difficulties‟.


    Q.2 “If we strive, it is no disgrace”, explain this sentence?
    Answer:     It means that we should be persistent in striving. It is not a matter of shame to work and
    work.


    Q.3 Why is the poet repeating the sentence „try again‟?
    Answer:     To highlight the importance of constant working, the poet repeats the phrase „try again‟.

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    For the 10th Class English Chapter 3 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 10th Class English Chapter 2: Chinese New Year

    10th Class Chapter 2: Chinese New Year Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  English Chapter 2 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class English Chapter 2 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 English Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: When does Chinese New Year start?
    Answer:     Chinese New Year starts on some day between January 21 and February 20.


    Q.2: Why do Chinese families do thorough cleaning of their houses before New Year‟s Day?
    Answer:     Such a cleaning removes the bad luck of the previous year and makes the house ready to
    accept the good luck of the New Year.


    Q.3: Which colour is not allowed and which colour is encouraged on Chinese New Year? Why?
    Answer:     Black colour is not allowed as it is a symbol of death. Red colour is encouraged as it turns
    away bad spirits.


    Q.4: What do decorations on doors and windows symbolize?
    Answer:     Decorations on doors and windows symbolize good luck and happiness.


    Q.5 What is the significance of New Year‟s Eve Dinner?
    Answer:     The significance of the New Year‟s Eve Dinner is that it helps Chinese families to sit
    together.


    Q.6 What do the little red envelops filled with money symbolize?
    Answer:     The little red envelops filled with money symbolize wealth and prosperity.


    Q.7: What is the importance of Chinese New Year for Chinese families?
    Answer:     Chinese New Year is very important for Chinese families as it brings them close together.
    They express their thanks for the previous year and refresh themselves for the New Year.


    Additional Short Questions:
    Q.1: Why is Chinese New Year never on the same day each year?
    Answer:     The Chinese follow lunar calendar which differs from Gregorian calendar. Therefore,
    Chinese New Year never starts on the same date each year.


    Q.3: What is Chinese belief about cleaning houses before new year day?
    Answer:     To clean the houses before the start of New Year is like to wipe away the bad luck of the
    previous year.


    Q.5: Why does New Year‟s Eve dinner consist of eight or nine dishes?
    Answer    : The diner consists of eight or nine dishes because in Chinese language, „eight‟ means
    „prosperity‟ and „nine‟ means „long-lasting‟.


    Q.6: Is Chinese belief about people having character traits of animals a fact or an opinion?
    Answer:     There may be some reality in the belief but I think it is jus

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    For the 10th Class English Chapter 2 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 10th Class English Chapter 1: Hazrat Mohammad an Embodiment of Justice

    10th Class Chapter 1: Hazrat Mohammad an Embodiment of Justice Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  English Chapter 1 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class English Chapter 1 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 English Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: How can people achieve perfection in the moral, spiritual and social areas of life?
    Answer:     People can achieve perfection in the moral, spiritual and social areas of life by seeking light
    and guidance from the life of the Holy Prophet .


    Q.2: How did the Holy Prophet set high and noble ideals for all mankind?
    Answer:     The Holy Prophet set high and noble ideals for all mankind through his practical
    examples.


    Q.3: How were people of Makkah convinced of the Holy Prophet‟s justice even before his
    Prophethood?
    Answer    : The Holy Prophet did justice in every case. His dealings with people were always fair.
    Therefore, the people of Makkah were convinced of his justice even before his Prophethood.


    Q.4: What standards of justice did the Holy Prophet ( ) practice as head of the state of
    Madinah?
    Answer:     As head of the state of Madinah, the Holy Prophet practiced high standard of justice. He
    decided every matter on merit. He did justice without regarding race, colour or creed.


    Q.6: What made non-Muslims bring their suits to the Holy Prophet ?
    Answer:     The Holy Prophet was very strict in doing justice. Therefore, the non-Muslim brought
    their cases to him for decision.


    Q.7: How does the Quran describe the personality of the Holy Prophet ?
    Answer:     The Holy Quran describes the personality of the Holy Prophet as follows: “We have,
    indeed, in the Messenger of Allah, a good example (of conduct) for anyone whose hope is in Allah
    and the Final Day.”


    Additional Short Questions:
    Q.1 How did the Holy Prophet resolve the issue regarding the Black Stone?
    Answer:     The Holy Prophet resolved the issue by suggesting a very suitable plan.


    Q.2 Why did Quraish think that the Holy Prophet would favour them?
    Answer:     As the Holy Prophet himself belonged to the tribe of Quraish, they thought that he
    would fevour them.


    Q.3 Why did non-Muslims trust the Holy Prophet ?
    Answer:     The non-Muslims trusted the Holy Prophet as he was well-known for his justice.


    Q.4 What advice did the Holy Prophet give to Hazrat Ali ?
    Answer:     The Holy Prophet advised Hazrat Ali not to decide any matter
    without hearing both the parties and without knowing the truth.


    Q.6 What does the word “proclaimed” mean?
    Answer:     It means declare something in a formal manner or in an open way.

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    For the 10th Class English Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 9: Chemical Equilibrium

    10th Class Chapter 9 : Chemical Equilibrium Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Chemistry Chapter 9 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 9 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: Why at equilibrium state reaction does not stop?

    Ans: At Equilibrium state the reaction does not stop because the rate of forward reaction is exactly equal to the reverse reaction but in opposite direction.

    Q2: Why Equilibrium state is attainable from either way?

    Ans: Equilibrium state is attainable from either way because a reversible reaction proceeds in both ways.Equilibrium state is attained when a reaction moves forward as well as reaction moves backward.

    Q3: What are the characteristics of a reaction what establishes equilibrium state at once?

    Ans: The reactions which attain the equilibrium are called reversible reactions. i. In this reaction dynamic state of equilibrium is established in which, Rate of Forward Reaction = Rate of Reverse Reaction ii. These reactions do not go to stop. These can be proceeded in both directions. iv. For these reactions value of KC is neither too large not too small.

    Q4: Which natural process is responsible for existence of life on earth?

    Ans: We inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide while plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen. This natural process is responsible for existence of life on earth.

    Q5: Differentiate between reactants and products.

    Ans: Reactants: In a chemical reaction the substances that combine are called reactants. Products: In a chemical reaction, reactants combine to form new substances which are called products.

    Q6: Differentiate between irreversible reaction and reversible reaction.

    Ans: Differentiate between irreversible and reversible reaction as follow

    Q7: What is static equilibrium state?

    Ans: When reaction ceases to proceed. It is called static equilibrium. Example: a building remains standing rather than falling down because all the forces acting on it are balanced.

    Q8: What is dynamic equilibrium state?

    Ans: When reaction does not stop only the rate of forward and reverse reaction become equal to each other but take place in opposite directions. This is called dynamic equilibrium state.

    Q9: What is equilibrium constant?

    Ans: Equilibrium constant is a ratio of the product of concentration of products raised to the power of coefficient to the product of concentration of reactants raised to the power of coefficient as expressed in the balance chemical equation.

    Q10: Why the reaction mixture does not have 50% reactants and 50% products at equilibrium position?

    Ans: At equilibrium state the conc of reactants and products are constants so it is not necessary that the reactants and products are in 50% ratio.

    Q11: If a reaction has large value of KC, will it go to completion and why?

    Ans: The large value of KC indicated that at equilibrium position the reaction mixture consists of almost all products and reactants are negligible the reaction has almost gone to completion.

    Q12: What do you mean by the extent of reaction?

    Ans: Extent of reaction means the degree of completion of a chemical reaction. It also tells stability of reactants and products.

    Q13: Why the reversible reaction does not go to completion?

    Ans: The reversible reaction does not go to completion because, it proceeds in both directions. After the equilibrium attained the product start to convert back into the reactants at this state the composition of reaction mixture remains constant. 1

    Q14: What are irreversible reactions? give few characteristics of them.

    Ans: The reactions in which products do not recombine to form reactants are called irreversible reactions, i. In the reversible reaction static equilibrium is attained or established ii. These are represented by a single arrow() between reactants and products. iii. Irreversible reactions go to completion and 100% conversion of reactants to products take place.

    Q15: Define chemical equilibrium state?

    Ans: When the rate of the forward reaction takes place at the rate of reverse reaction, the composition of the reaction mixture remains constant, it is called a chemical equilibrium state.

    Q16: What is relationship between active mass and rate of reaction?

    Ans: According to Guldberg and Waage’s law the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the product of the active masses of the reacting substances.

    Q17: Derive equilibrium constant expression for the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

    Ans: For the reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia, the balanced chemical equation is:

    Q18: How direction of reaction can be predicted?

    Ans: Direction of a reaction at a particular moment can be predicted by measuring reaction quotient Q. The reaction Quotient Q_{c} is useful because it predicts the direction of the reaction by comparing the value of Q_{c} with K_{c} If Q_{c} is less then K, the reaction if forward.

    Q19: How can you know that a reaction has achieved an equilibrium state?

    Ans: If Q_{c} = K_{c} forward and reverse reactions take place at equal rates i.e. equilibrium has been established.

    Q20: If reaction quotient QC of a reaction is more than KC, what will be the direction of reaction?

    Ans: If QC of a reaction is more than KC the reaction goes from right to left, i.e. in reverse direction to attain equilibrium,

    Q21: What are the uses of atmospheric gases in the manufacture of chemicals?

    Ans: The two major components of atmospheric are nitrogen and oxygen gases. Both of these gases constitute 99% of the atmosphere.used to prepare ammonia, which is further used to manufacture nitrogenous fertilizers. These gases are being used to manufacture chemicals since the advent of 20″ Century. Nitrogen is Oxygen is used to prepare Sulphur dioxide which is further used to manufacture kind of chemicals sulphuric acid.

    Q22: Define the law of Mass action?

    Ans: The rate of which a substance reacts is directly proportional to its active mass and the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the product of the active masses of the reacting substances.

    Q23: How the active Mass is represented?

    Ans: An active mass is considered as the molar mass concentration in unit of mol dm³, expressed as square brackets [].

    Q24: How dynamic equilibrium is established?

    Ans: In a reversible reaction, dynamic equilibrium is established before the completion of reaction. At initial stage the rate of forward reaction is very fact and reverse reaction is taking place at a negligible rate. But gradually forward reaction slows down and reverse reaction speeds up. Eventually, both reactions attain the same rate and dynamic equilibrium state is established.

    Q25: An industry was established based upon a reversible reaction. It failed to achieve products on commercial level. Can you point out the basic reasons of its failure being a chemist?

    Ans: In a reversible reaction, the amount of reactants and products remain same when the equilibrium state is achieved. If industry is based on reversible reaction. It cannot achieve desired commercial product and its required amount because expected yield is not achieved and industry fails.

    Q26: Write the importance of equilibrium constant.

    Ans: These are the importance of equilibrium constant: i. It is used to predict the direction of reaction. ii. It is used to predict the extent of rection, means how much reactions are converted into products.

    Q27: Which physical factor effects the value of K

    Ans: Temperature highly effect he numeric value of Kr. Temperature change will affect both equilibrium position and equilibrium constant.

    Q28: Write the names of two chemicals in which nitrogen is used.

    Ans: Two Chemicals in which Nitrogen is used are 1. Urea ii. Nitric Acid

    Q29: What is the proportion of oxygen and nitrogen in our atmosphere?

    Ans: The proportion of Oxygen and Nitrogen in the atmosphere is as: i. Nitrogen = 78% ii. Oxygen 21%

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    For the 10th Class Chemistry Chapter-9 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    he purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 10: Acid bases and Salts

    10th Class Chapter 10: Acid bases and Salts Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Chemistry Chapter 10 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 10 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. What is meant by Acid?

    Ans: The acid is derived from the Latin word “Acidius” meaning sour. Acid is a substance which has sour taste and turns blue litmus red.

    Q2. Write down characteristic properties of Acid and bases

    Ans: Acids: a) Acids have sour taste for example unripe citrus fruit or lemon juice b) They turn blue litmus red c) They are corrosive in concentrated form d) Their aqueous solutions conduct electric current Bases: i. Bases have bitter taste and feel slippery for example soap is s slippery to touch ii. they tun red litmus blue iii. they are non-corrosive except concentrated forms of NaOH and KOH iv. their aqueous solutions conduct electric current.

    Q3. Define Arrhenius Acid. Give Example?

    Ans: According to Arrhenius concept acid is a substance which dissociated in aqueous solution to give hydrogen ions. For example, HCl is an acid because it ionizes in aqueous solution to provide H ions.

    Q4. Define Arrhenius base. Give Example?

    Ans: According to Arrhenius concept base is a substance which dissociates is aqueous solution to give hydroxide ions. For example, the substance NaOH is a base because it ionizes in aqueous solutions to provide OH ions.

    Q5. Define Bronsted and Lowry acid. Ans: An acid is a substance (molecule or ion) that can donate a proton (H) to another substance for example HCI and CH3COOH.

    Q6. Define Bronsted Lowry base.

    Ans: A base is a substance that can accept a proton (H’) from another substances. For example, H2O and NH3

    Q7. Define conjugate acid and base?

    Ans: Conjugate Acid: A conjugate acid is a specie formed by accepting a proton by a base, for example H₂O Conjugate Base: A conjugate base is a specie formed by donating a proton by an acid, for example CT

    Q8. Define amphoteric.

    Ans: A substance that can behave as an acid as well as a base is called amphoteric. For example, water is an amphoteric compound.

    Q9. Write down limitations of Bronsted Lowry Concept?

    Ans: It has been observed that there are certain substances which behave as acids though they do not have the ability to donate a person e.g. SO3. Similarly, CaO behaves as a base but it cannot accept a proton. These observations prove the limitations of Bronsted Lowry concept of acids and bases. citations

    Q 10. Define Lewis-base. Give example?

    Ans: A base is substance (molecule or ion) which NH3 donate a pair of electrons for example

    Q 11. Define Lewis acids. Give e example

    Ans: An acid is a substance (molecule or AlCh and BF3 ion) which h can accept a pair of electrons. For example,

    Q 12. Define Adduct?

    Ans: The product of any Lewis acid-base reaction is a single specie called an Adduct.

    Q 13. Write down the names of three mineral acids.

    Ans: Following acids are called mineral acids. Hydrochloric acid (HCI), Sulphuric Acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO3)

    Q 14. Write down uses of Sulphuric Acid?

    Ans: It is used to manufacture fertilizers, ammonium sulphate, calcium super phosphate, explosives, paints, dyes and drugs. It is also used as an electrolyte in lead storage batteries.

    Q 15. Write down uses of Nitric Acid.

    Ans: It is used in manufacturing of fertilizer (ammonium nitrate), explosives, paints, drugs, and etching designs on copper plates.

    Q 16. Write down uses of Hydrochloric Acid?

    Ans: It is used cleaning metals, tanning and in printing industries.

    Q 17. Write down uses of Benzonic Acid?

    Ans: It is used for food preservation.

    Q 18. Write down uses of Sodium Hydroxide?

    Ans: It is used for manufacturing of Soap, artificial silk, as laboratory reagent in textile and paper industries.

    Q 19. Write down uses of calcium hydroxide.

    Ans: It is used for manufacturing of bleaching powder, softening of hard water and neutralizing acidic soil and lakes due to acid rain.

    Q 20. Write down uses of potassium hydroxide.

    Ans: It is used in alkaline batteries.

    Q 21. Write down uses of magnesium hydroxide

    Ans: It is use as a base to neutralize acidity in the stoma stings. t is also used for treatment of bee’s

    Q 22. Write down uses of Aluminum hydroxide.

    Ans: It is used as foaming agent in for extinguishers.

    Q 23. Write down uses of ammonium hydroxide.

    Ans: It is used to remove grease stains from clothes

    Q 24. Define pH. Write down its formula.

    Ans: pH is a negative logarithm of molar concentration of the Hydrogen ions. pH-log [H+]

    Q 25. Write down uses of pH?

    Ans: Few uses of pH Scale are as: It is used to determine acidic or basic nature of a solution It is used to produce medicines, culture at a microbiological particular concentration of H ion It is used to prepare solutions of required concentrations necessary for certain biological reactions.

    Q 26. What are indicators. Give Example?

    Ans: Indicators are the organic compounds. They have different colors in acidic and alkaline solutions. Litmus is a common indicator. It is red in acid and blue in alkaline solutions.

    Q 27. What are universal indicators?

    Ans: Some indicators are sued as mixture. The mixture indicators give different colors at different pH values. Hence it is used to measure the pH of a solution. Such a mixed indicator is called universal indicator.

    Q 28. Who are analytical chemists?

    Ans: Analytical chemists examine substances qualitatively and quantitively. They identify substances and evaluate their properties.

    Q 29. Define salts.

    Ans: Salts are inorganic compounds generally formed by neutralization of an acid with a base. e.g., sodium chloride (NaCI)

    Q 30. What is acid and basic radical?

    Ans: Salts are made up of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (Anions). A cation is metallic and derived from a base therefore it is called basic radical. While anion is derived from acids therefore it is called acid radical.

    Q31. Write down any two characteristics s of salts.

    Ans: salts are ionic compounds found in crystalline form. They have high melting and boiling points. crystalline fi

    Q32. Define normal or neural salts.

    Ans: A Salt formed by the total replacement of ionizable H ions of an acid by a positive metal ion or NH4 ions is called normal or neutral salt, e.g. NaC1

    Q33. Define Acidic salt.

    Ans: These salts are formed by partial replacement of H ions of an acid by a positive metal ion. e.g. KHSO4

    Q34. Define basic salt.

    Ans: Basic salts are formed by the incomplete neutralization of a polyhydroxy base by an acid. e.g. Al(OH): Cl

    Q35. Define double salt. Give example.

    Ans: Double salts are formed by two normal salts when they are crystallized from a mixture of equimolar saturated solutions. The individual salt components retain their properties. For example, Mohr’s salt FeSO4 (NH4)2SO46H2O

    Q36. Define Mixed salt. Give example.

    Ans: Mixed salts contain more than one basic or acid radicals. Bleaching Powder Ca(OCl)CI is an example of mixed salts.

    Q37. Define Complex salt. Give example?

    Ans: Complex salt on dissociation provides a simple cation and a complex anion or vice-verse. Only simple ions yields the characteristics test for cation or anion. e.g., potassium ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6]

    Q38. Define neutralization reaction. Give example

    Ans: A reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization reaction. It produces a salt and water.

    Q39. Name three common household substances having a) pH value greater then 7. b) pH value less then 7

    Ans: The common house hold substances as: a) pH values greater than 7 i.Soap ii.Detergent iii.Shampoo b) pH values less than 7 i.vinegar ii.Citrus fruits iii.Butter c) pH values equal to 7 i.Water ii.NaC1 iii.Sugar

    Q40. Define a base and explain all alkalis are bases, but all bases are not alkalis.

    Ans: A base is a substance which turn red litmus to blue and having pH value greater than 7. Water soluble base is called alkali but some bases are not soluble in water, so all alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.

    Q41. Define Bronsted-Lowery base and explain with an example that water is Bronsted- lowery base.

    Ans: Bronsted-Lowery base is a substance (molecule or ion) which can accept a proton (H) from another substance.

    Q42. How can you justify that Bronsted-Lowery concept of acid and base is applicable to non-aqueous solutions?

    Ans: According to Bronsted-Lowry concept:

    Q43. Which kind a bond forms between Lewis acid and base?

    Ans: Coordinate covalent bond forms between Lewis acid and base.

    Q44. Why H ion acts as a Lewis acid?

    Ans: Because it has an empty orbital that can a a pair of electrons.

    Q45. Name two acids used in the manufacture of fertilizers.

    Ans: Sulphuric acid and nitric acid both are used in the manufacture of fertilizers.

    Q46. Define pH. What is the pH of pure water?

    Ans: pH is the negative logarithm of molar concentration of the hydrogen ions, means: pH = -log [H] The pH value of pure water is 7.

    Q47. How many times a Solution of pH-1 will be stronger than that of a solution having pH-2?

    Ans: Because the pH scale is logarithmic, a solution of pH-1 has 10 times higher concentration of [H] than that of a solution of pH-2

    Q48. NazSO4 is a neutral salt while NaHSO4 is an acidic salt justify how?

    Ans: Because in Na2SO4, there is total replacement of ionizable H ions. While in NaHSO, the partial replacement of a replaceable H ions of an acid takes place by a positive metal ion. It turns red litmus to blue.

    Q49. Give few characteristics of salts.

    Ans: There are following characteristics of salt. 1. Salts are ionic compounds found in crystalline form. 2. They have high melting and boiling point.

    Q50. How the soluble salts are recovered from water?

    Ans: Soluble salts are recovered by evaporation or crystallization.

    Q51. How the-insoluble salts are prepared?

    Ans: In this method, usually solutions of soluble salts are mixed. During the reaction exchange of ionic radicals (i.e. metallic radicals exchange with acidic radicals) takes place to produce two new salts. One salt is insoluble and other is soluble. The insoluble salt precipitates (solidify in solution) e.g.,

    Q52. Why a salt is neutral, explain with an example?

    Ans: A salt is formed by the total replacement of ionizable H ions of an acid by a positive metal ion or NH4 ions is called normal or neutral salt. These salts are neutral to litmus

    Q53. Name an acid used in the preservation of food.

    Ans: Benzoic acid is used for food preservation.

    Q54. Name the acids present in vinegar, ant sting, citrus fruit and sour milk.

    Ans: The acids in given name is as: 1. Vinegar: Accetic acid 2. Ant sting: Formic acid 3. Citrus fruit: Citric acid 4. Sour milk: Lactic acid Ans: Pb(OH)NO, is a basic salt because it is formed by the incomplete neutralization of a poly hydroxyl base by an acid.

    Q55. You are in a need of an acidic salt. How can you prepare it?

    Ans: An acidic salt is formed by the partial replacement of a replaceable H ions of an acid by a positive metal ion.

    Q56. Which salt is used to prepare plaster of pairs?

    Ans: Calcium sulphate (CaSO4.2H2O) is used to prepare plaster of Paris.

    Q57. What is the difference between Arrhenius base and Bronsted-lowry base?

    Ans: Difference between Arrhenius base and Bronsted-Lowry base Arrhenius base: A base is a substance which dissociates in aqueous solution to give hydroxide ion. (OH) for example NaOH Bronsted-Lowry base: Bronsted-Lowry base is a (H’) from another substance for example (NH3 can accept a proton pstance which.

    Q58. What do you mean by neutralization concept? reaction according to Arrhenius acid base

    Ans: A neutralization reaction according to Arrhenius concept acid gives H ions and bases gives OH ions.

    Q59. Prove that water is an amphoteric species.

    Ans: Water is an amphoteric specie because it acts as acid as well as base.

    Q60. How can you justify that NHs is Bronsted-Lowry base but not Arrhenius base?

    Ans: Ammonia (NH3) is Bronsted-Lowry base because it has the ability to accept a proton (H) but not Arrhenius base because it does not produce hydroxide ion (OH)in aqueous solution.

    Q61. State and explain the neutralization reaction according to Lewis concept.

    Ans: A neutralization reaction according to Lewis concept is donation and acceptance of an election pair to form a coordinate covalent bond in an adduct.

    Q62. Define and Give the characteristics of Lewis acid.

    Ans: There are following characteristics of Lewis acids. • Lewis acids, are molecules, in which the central atom has incomplete octet e.g. B*F_{3} AICI3 • Simple cations can act as Lewis acids, since they a are deficient in electrons e.g N a^ + ,Ca^ 2+

    Q63. Why BF3 behaves as a Lewis acid?

    Ans: BF3 acts as Lewis acid because it accepts a pair of electrons, the central atom has only six e central ate electrons around it, therefore, it accepts an electron pair.

    Q64. Water is an amphoteric species according to Bronsted-Lowry concept. What is the nature of water according to Lewis concept?

    Ans: According to Lewis concept water acts as Lewis base because it has the ability to donate electron pair.

    Q65. When acid reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates, which gas evolves out?

    Ans: When acid reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates carbon dioxide (C*O_{2}) gas evolves it. Q66. Which type of salts produce S*O_{2} gas on reacting with acids? Ans: Acids react with sulphate and bi-sulphate to form salts with liberation of sulphur dioxide

    Q67. Why pure water is not a strong electrolyte?

    Ans: Because water has smaller value of degree of ionization due to presence of strong forces ie Hydrogen bonding

    Q68. HCI and H2SO4 are strong acids while their solutions are equimolar, they have different PH values. Why they have different PH values?

    Ans: Because H2SO4 is a dibasic acid, so it produces two hydrogen ions while HCI is monobasic acid it produces only one hydrogen ion. That is why both acids have different pH values with their equimolar solutions.

    Q69. Difference between “P” and “Ph” value.

    Ans: “P” value: P scale is the conversion of very small figures into positive figure by taking the common logarithm of the small figure and multiplying it with “PH” value: pH is the negative logarithm of molar concentration of the hydrogen ions

    Q70. Define acid rain?

    Ans: Acid rain is formed by dissolving acidic air pollutant like oxides of sulphur and nitrogen by rain water. As a result, pH of the e rain it damages animals, Plants, buildings, water bodies and even soil.

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  • 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 11: Organic Chemistry

    10th Class Chapter 11: Organic Chemistry Short and Simple Question & Answer

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    Q1. What is vital force theory who proposed it?

    Ans: According to vital force theory organic compounds could not be prepared in laboratories because they were supposed to be synthesized under the influence of a mysterious force called vital force inherent only in living things. In early, 19th century Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius proposed this theory.

    Q2. Who rejected the vital force theory and how?

    Ans: Vital force theory was rejected by Wohler in 1828 when he synthesized the first organic compound urea from inorganic substance by heating ammonium cyanate (NH4CNO).

    Q3. What are different types of formula by which we can represent organic compounds?

    Ans: Organic compounds can be represented by following four types of formula. i Molecular formula. ii. Structural formula iii. Condensed formula iv. dot and cross formula.

    Q4. Define molecular formula.

    Ans: The formula which represents the actual number of atoms in one molecule of the organic compound is called molecular formula. For example, molecular formula of butane is C4H10

    Q5. Define structural formula.

    Ans: Structural formula of a compound represents the exact arrangement of the different atoms of various elements present in molecule of a substance

    Q6. Define condensed formula.

    Ans: The short form of formula that indicates the group to each carbon atom in a straight chain or branched chain is called a condensed formula.

    Q7. What is dot and cross formula. T

    Ans: The formula which shows the sharing of electrons between various atoms of one molecule of the organic compound is called dot cross formula or electronic formula.

    Q9. Write down the names of classes in which organic compounds are classified.

    Ans: All organic compounds are broadly classified into two classes. a) Open chain or Acyclic compound b) Closed chain or Cyclic compound

    Q8. Define open chain compound. Explain their types.

    Ans: Open chain compounds are those in which the end carbon atoms are not joined with each other in this way they form long chain of carbon atoms. There are two types of open chain compound:

    Q9. What are aliphatic compounds?

    Ans: Open chain compounds in which only single bond is present are also called aliphatic compounds.

    Q10. Define cyclic compounds explain their types.

    Ans: Those compounds in which the carbon atoms at the ends are not free and they join to form rings. They are further divided into two classes. a) Homocyclic compound b) Heterocyclic compound

    Q11. Define Homocyclic compounds. Explain their types.

    Ans: Compounds contain rings which are made up of only one kind of atoms, i.e. carbon atoms are called Homocyclic compounds. There are two types of Homocyclic compounds. a) Aromatic compounds b) Alicyclic compounds

    Q12. Define aromatic compound. Give example.

    Ans: Those Homocyclic compounds in which at least one benzene ring having six carbon atoms with three alternate double and single bonds are called aromatic compound. Example benzene ring.

    Q13. What is the meaning of term aromatic?

    Ans: Term aromatic is s derived from Greek word “Aroma” which means fragrant.

    Q14. What are benzenoid compounds?

    Ans: Aromatic compounds are also called benzenoid compounds.

    Q15. Define alicyclic or non-benzenoid Compounds.

    Ans: Carbocyclic or homocyclic compound which do not have benzene ring in their molecules are called alicyclic or non-benzenoid compounds.

    Q16. Define Heterocyclic compound. Give example.

    Ans: Cyclic compounds that contain one or more atoms other than carbon atoms in their rings are called heterocyclic compounds.

    Q17. Define catenation.

    Ans: The ability of carbon atoms to link with other carbon storms to form long chains and large rings is called catenation.

    Q18. What are two basic conditions for elements to exhibit catenation?

    Ans: Two basic conditions for catenation are: a. Element should have valency two or more greater than two. b. Bond made by an element with its own atoms should be stronger than the bonds made by the element with other atoms especially oxygen

    Q19. Define Isomerism. Give examples.

    Ans: Isomerism: The compounds having same molecular formulae but different arrangement of atoms in their molecules. or different structural formulae are called isomers and the phenomenon is called Isomerism

    Q20. Why and how carbon complete its octet?

    Ans: To get stability, carbon completes its octet by making four covalent bond with other atoms.

    Q21. Why melting and boiling points and of organic compounds are very low?

    Ans: Melting points and boiling point of organic compounds are low because carbon forms weak covalent bond with other carbon atoms which break up easily.

    Q22. Why organic compounds are poor conductor of electricity?

    Ans: Due to presence of covalent bonds, organic compounds are poor conductor of electricity.

    Q23. How we get organic compounds from Earth’s crust?

    Ans: We get organic compounds by Destructive distillation of coal and by Fractional distillation of Petroleum.

    Q24. What are the reasons for the formation of millions of organic compounds?

    Ans: Organic compounds have large diversity due to these reasons: a) catenation b) isomerism c) weak covalent bond d) Multiple bonds forming ability of carbon.

    Q25. What is coal?

    Ans: Coal is blackish, complex mixture of compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It also consists of small amount of nitrogen and sulphur compounds.

    Q26. Define Carbonization.

    Ans: Conversion of wood into coal is called carbonization. It is very slow bio-chemical process. It takes place in the absence of air under high pressure and high temperature over a long period of time.

    Q27. Write down the names of different types of coal.

    Ans: Coal is of following four types: a) Peat b) lignite c) Bituminous d) anthracite

    Q28. Define Destructive Distillation?

    Ans: Breakdown of coal into smaller compounds by strong heating of coal in the absence of air is called destructive distillation.

    Q29. Write down the names of product obtained by destructive distillation of coal.

    Ans: Products obtained by destructive distillation of coal are: a) Coal Gas b) Ammoniacal Liquor c) Coaltar d) coke

    Q30. What is Pitch? What is its use?

    Ans: Black residue of coal tar is called Pitch. In common words it is also known as look. It is used for surfacing of roads and roofs.

    Q31. What is petroleum? What is its composition?

    Ans: Petroleum is a dark brownish or greenish black colored viscous liquid. It is a complex mixture of several solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons in water mixed with salts and earth particles.

    Q32. What is composition of natural gas?

    Ans: Natural gas is a mixture of low molecular mass hydrocarbons. The main component about 85% is methane, along with other gases i.e. ethane, butane, propane.

    Q33. What types of compounds are synthesized by plants?

    Ans: Living plants synthesized macro-molecule eg carbohydrates, proteins, oils and vitamins plants also produce gums, rubber, medicines etc.

    Q34. What are alkanes? Give their general formula?

    Ans: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons or paraffin’s (Para little, affines – affinity) Their general formula is CoHa Wheren is the number of carbon atoms

    Q35. Define alkyl radical. How they formed?

    Ans: Alkyl Radicals are derivatives of alkanes they are formed by removal of one of the hydrogen atoms of an alkane and are represented by “R”. Their general formula is C 6 H 2pi – 1

    Q36. What is Functional group? Give example.

    Ans: An atom or group of atom or presence of double or triple bond which determines the characteristics properties of an organic compound is known as the functional group. For example: OH-hydroxyl group is the functional group of characteristic properties of alcohols. alcohol which give

    Q37. What is functional group for aldehyde and ketone?

    Ans: Functional groups for aldehyde and ketone are:

    Q38. Write down the name of tests for detection of double bond (unsaturation)?

    Ans: i) Bromine water test and ii) Baeyer’s test is used to detect unsaturation.

    Q39. What are identification test for alcoholic group?

    Ans: i) sodium metal test and ii) Ester formation test is used to test alcoholic

    Q40. How carboxylic group is identified?

    Ans: Carboxylic group is identified by i) Litmus test ii) Sodium bicarbonate test.

    Q41. Give identification test for aldehyde group?

    Ans: Aldehydes are identified by: i) Sodium bi-sulphate test ii) Fehling’s solution Test

    Q42. What are identification test for ketonic group?

    Ans: ketone group is identified by: i) Phenyl hydrazine Test ii) Sodium Nitroprusside Test iii) Fehling Solution Test

    Q43. Write down the name of identification test for primary Amines?

    Ans: Carbyl amine test is use to identify primary amine group.

    Q44. Point out the properties of carbon which are responsible for formation of long chains of carbon atom compounds?

    Ans: Catenation is the process which is responsible for formation of long chains of carbon atom compounds.

    Q45. Name the gases which are found in coal gas.

    Ans: Carbon monoxide hydrogen and methane gases are present in coal gas.

    Q46. Is coal tar a compound? What is importance of coal tar?

    Ans: No, it is a mixture of more than 200 different organic compounds, mostly chromatic. The importance of coal tar is, the compounds obtained from coal tar are used to synthesize drugs, dyes. Paints, explosives, varnishes, plastics, synthetic fiber and pesticides.

    Q47. What is coke? For what purpose it is used?

    Ans: When coal is subjected to destructive distillation it loses all its volatile components and leaves behind solid residue called coal. It is used as a reducing age agent in the extraction of metal especially iron. It is also used as fuel.

    Q48. Which is the best quality of coal?

    Ans: Anthracite is the best quality of coal. It contains 90% of carbon.

    Q49. What is destructive distillation?

    Ans: The strong heating of coal in the absence of air is called destructive distillation

    Q50. Define petroleum.

    Ans: Petroleum is a dark brownish or greenish black colored viscous liquid. It is a complex mixture of several solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons in water mixed with salts and earth particles.

    Q51. What types of compounds are synthesized by plants?

    Ans: Living plants synthesized macro-molecules e.gcarbohydrates, proteins, oils and vitamins.

    Q52. What is the basic unit of carbohydrates and how it is synthesized?

    Ans: The basic unit of all carbohydrates is glucose which is synthesized by plant through photosynthesis.

    Q53. CNG stands for.

    Ans: CNG stands for compressed natural gas.

    Q54. What is the importance of natural gas?

    Ans: The importance of natural gas as: a. Natural gas is used as fuel in homes as well as in industries. b. It is used as fuel in automobiles as compressed natural gas (CNG). c. Natural gas sis also used to make carbon black and fertilizer.

    Q55. Justify that organic compounds are used as food.

    Ans: The food we eat daily such as milk, eggs, meats, vegetables, etc. contain carbohydrate: proteins, fats, vitamins etc. are all organic stuff between

    Q 56. What is the difference and isopropyl? explain with structure. n-propylestum ats

    Ans: n-propyl: When terminal hydrogen is removed from propane .

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  • 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 12: Hydrocarbons

    10th Class Chapter 12: Hydrocarbons Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Chemistry Chapter 12 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 12 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. A compound consisting of four carbon atoms has a triple bond in it. How many hydrogen atoms are present it?

    Ans: There is six hydrogen atoms is presented in a compound containing the four carbon atoms has a triple bond in it.

    Q2. Why the alkanes are called paraffin?

    Ans: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. In these compounds all the bonds of carbon atoms are single that mean valencies of carbon atoms are fully satisfied (saturated) therefore they are least reactive. That is the reason alkanes are called paraffin’s.

    Q3. What do you know about hydrogenation of alkenes?

    Ans: Hydrogenation means addition to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in presence of a catalyst (Ni, Pt) to form saturated compound.

    Q4. Why the alkanes are used as fuel?

    Ans: Alkanes burn in the presence of excess of air or oxygen to produce a lot of heat, carbon dioxide and water. This reaction take place in automobile, combustion engines, domestic heaters and cooking appliances. It is highly exothermic reaction and because of its alkanes are used as fuel.

    Q5. How can you prepare ethene from alcohol?

    Ans: Ethene is prepared by heating a mixture of ethanol and excess of cone sulphuric acid at 180°C in first step ethyl hydrogen sulphate is formed which decomposes on heating to produce ethane which is collected over water.

    Q7. Identify propene from propane with a chemical test.

    Ans: Pass the two gases through bromine water separately. Propene will decolorize reddish brown colour of bromine but propane cannot. Reaction is:

    Q8. Why alkenes are called olefins?

    Ans: Alkenes are called olefins, because first members of halogens. falkenes form oily products when react with

    Q9. Why alkane cannot be oxidized with KMnO, Solution?

    Ans: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. They are least reactive at high temperatures that are why alkenes cannot be oxidized with KMnO, solution

    Q10. What are addition reactions? Explain with an example

    Ans: Addition of substance to an unsaturated hydrocarbon is called addition reaction. Example: Addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of catalyst (Ni, Pt)

    Q11. Justify that alkanes give substitution reactions.

    Ans: A reaction in which one or hydrogen atoms of a saturated compound are replaced with some other atoms is called a substitution reaction these reactions are characteristic property of alkanes. For example, in diffused sunlight alkanes react fairly with halogens. In these reactions at each step one hydrogen atom is substituted by halogen atom.

    Q12. Both alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. State the one most significant difference between them.

    Ans: Alkynes have greater carbon to hydrogen ratio. So, they give smokier flames but alkanes and alkenes do not.

    Q 14. Why hydrocarbons are soluble in organic solvents?

    Ans: Hydrocarbons are soluble in organic solvents because they are non-polar.

    Q15. Give the physical properties of alkanes.

    Ans: Physical properties of alkanes are: (i) Alkanes are non-polar, therefore they insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (ii) The density of alkanes increases gradually with the increases of molecular size. (iii) The alkanes become more viscous as their molecular size increase (iv) Alkanes become less flammable i.e. difficult to burn with the increase of molecular sizes.

    Q 16. How can you identify ethane from ethene?

    Ans: When bromine water is added discharged at once. to ethane in an inert solvent like carbon tetrachloride, its colour is

    Q17. Why colour of bromine water discharges on addition of ether in it?

    Ans: Because in the reaction double bond of ethane is converted into single bond by addition of a molecule of bromine:

    Q18. State one important use of each: (i) Ethene (ii) Acetylene (iii) Chloroform (iv) Carbon tetrachloride

    Ans. Ethene: It is used for manufacturing of polythene Acetylene: It is used to prepare alcohols acetaldehyde and acids Chloroform: It is used as a solvent for rubber, waxes and used for anesthesia. Carbon tetra-chloride: It is used an industrial solvent and in dry cleaning

    Q 20. Why hydrocarbons are considered as parent organic compounds?

    Ans: Because mostly organic compounds are derived from hydrocarbons by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by other atoms or group of atoms that why hydrocarbons are considered as a parent organic compound.

    Q 21. What is the difference between a straight and a branched chain hydrocarbon

    Ans: Straight Chain Hydrocarbons: Straight chain hydrocarbons straight chata compound are these in which carbon atoms link with each other through a single double or triple bond forming a straight chain. Example:

    Q 27. Give a few uses of methane?

    Ans: Few major uses of methane are: 1.Natural gass is chiefly methane is used as domestic fuel. 2.Compressed natural gas (CNG) is used as automobile fuel.

    Q 28. What are Cyclic hydrocarbons?

    Ans: Compounds having ring of carbon atoms in their molecule are called closed chain or cyclic hydrocarbons.

    Q 29. What are alkenes? Give its general formula?

    Ans: Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons having double bond between two carbon atoms the General formula is CH

    Q30. What are alkynes? Give its general formula?

    Ans: The hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are linked by a triple bond are called alkynes.

    Q31. Write the sources of alkanes?

    Ans: The Main sources of alkanes are The main sources of Falkanes are petroleum and natural gas. Methane forms about 85% of Natural gas. Fuel gases obtained from coal gas contain alkanes in small amount.

    Q 32. Why the burning of alkanes require sufficient supply of oxygen?

    Ans: Because in the limited supply of oxygen there is incomplete combustion. As a result, carbon monoxide is produced that creates suffocation and causes death. As shown in chemical reaction equation.

    Q33. How can you prepare propene from propyl alcohol?

    Ans: By Dehydration of Alcohols: Alcohols when dehydrated in the presence of a catalyst give alkene. The best procedure is to pass vapours of alcohol over heated alumina.

    Q34. Give a test to identify unsaturation of an organic compound.

    Ans: Oxidation with KMnO: When unsaturated compounds oxidized with KMnO, the pink colour discharged.

    Q 35. How is tetra-bromoethane prepared from acetylene?

    Ans: Preparation of Tetra-bromoethane from Acetylene: Tetra-bromoethane can be prepared by the addition of halogens to the acetylenes what bromine water added to acetylene, red brown colour of bromine water is discharged rapidly due to formation of colorless tetra-bromoethane. Chemical Equation:

    Q37. Why methane is known as marsh gas?

    Ans: Methane as a Marsh Gas: Poke around with a stick in the muddy bottom of a pond or marsh. You may see bubbles coming out of the mud. These bubbles are the hydrocarbon gas methane, which is sometimes called “marsh gas”. If you collect the gas in any jar you can set fire to it.

    Q38. Which chemicals were produced by orchids to attract the insects for their pollination?

    Ans: Orchids are beautiful ornamental and colorful flowers. Some orchids produce alkanes to attract bees to pollinate their flowers.

    Q 39. Why butane is used in portable torches and gas lighters?

    Ans: Propane and butane burn with very hot flames and are sold as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). They are kept as liquids under pressure, but they vaporize easily when the pressure is released. Cylinders of butane are used in the homes. Butane is also used in portable torches and gas lighters.

    Q 40. Give few physical properties of alkenes. Ans:

    The physical properties of alkenes are as under: The first member of alkenes is ethane. It is a colorless gas with pleasant odour. Alkenes are non-polar therefore, they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent. The first member of the series ethane is slightly less dense than air.

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  • 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 13: Biochemistry

    10th Class Chapter 13: Biochemistry Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Chemistry Chapter 13 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 13 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. Define carbohydrates. Give their general formula.

    Ans: Carbohydrates are macro-molecules defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They have general formula Ca(H:O)

    Q2. How carbohydrates are synthesized by plants?

    Ans: Carbohydrates are synthesized by plants through photosynthesis process from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and green pigment chlorophyll. 6CO:+6H₂O Sunlight The glucose is further polymerized to form starch and cellulose. CHO-60

    Q3. Give the classification of carbohydrates.

    Ans: Carbohydrates are classified on the basis of units. They are classified as: Monosaccharides • Oligosaccharides • Polysaccharides

    Q4. What are monosaccharides? How they are classified?

    Ans: Mono-saccharides are the simplest sugars which cannot be hydrolyzed. They consist of 3 to 9 carbon atoms in their molecules, they are classified according their molecules as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, and so on to the number of carbon atoms in

    Q5. What is meant by glucose and fructose?

    Ans: Glucose is a penta-hydroxy aldehyde while fructose is penta-hydroxy ketone having the open chain structures and general formula is CHO

    Q6. Write characteristics of monosaccharides. Why they are called reducing agents

    Ans: Mono-saccharides are white crystalline solids. They are soluble in water and have sweet taste. They cannot be hydrolyzed. They are reducing in nature, therefore, these are called reducing sugars.

    Q7. What are oligosaccharides? How they are classified?

    Ans: Oligosaccharides give 2 to 9 units of mono-saccharides on hydrolysis. Therefore, they are classified as disaccharides, tri-saccharides, tetra-saccharides, etc, depending upon the number of units they produce on hydrolysis. The most important oligosaccharides are disaccharides like sucrose.

    Q8. Describe hydrolysis of sucrose.

    Ans: The most important-oligosaccharides are disaccharides like sucrose. On hydrolysis sucrose produces one unit of glucose and one unit of fructose.

    Q9. Name the products formed by the hydrolysis of sucrose.

    Ans: On hydrolysis sucrose produces one unit of glucose and one unit of fructose

    Q 10. Write characteristics of oligosaccharides.

    Ans: Oligosaccharides are white, crystalline solids easily soluble in water. They are also sweet in taste. They may be reducing or non-reducing.

    Q11. What are polysaccharides? Write its characteristics.

    Ans: Polysaccharides are macromolecular carbohydrates consisting of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Examples of polysaccharides are starch and cellulose. They are amorphous solids. They are tasteless and insoluble in water. They are non-reducing in nature

    Q 12. Write sources of simple sugars.

    Ans: Glucose, fructose and galactose are simple sugars which are found in fruits, vegetables, honey and cereals.

    Q 13. Write sources of sucrose.

    Ans: Sucrose is found in sugar beet, sugar cane and fruits

    Q14. Write sources of Lactose

    Ans: Lactose consisting of glucose and galactose is the main sugar in milk and dairy products.

    Q15. Write sources of maltose.

    Ans: Maltose is found in cereals.

    Q 16. Write sources of starch and cellulose.

    Ans: Starch is found in cereal crops: wheat, barley, maize, rice, etc while cellulose is found in cotton.

    Q 17. Describe source of energy for brain and muscle?

    Ans: Our body uses carbohydrates in the form of glucose. Glucose is the only form of carbohydrates that is used directly by muscles for energy. It is important to note that brain needs glucose as an energy source, because it cannot use fat for this purpose.

    Q18. How carbohydrates provide energy to our body system?

    Ans: Carbohydrates provides 17 kilojoules of energy per gram. We take carbohydrates as food. Long chains of starch (carbohydrates) are broken down into simple sugars (glucose) by digestive enzymes. The glucose is absorbed directly by small intestine into the blood stream. Blood stream transports the glucose to its place of use, c.g., muscles.

    Q 19. What are proteins? Write its composition.

    Ans: T Proteins are highly.complicated nitrogenous compounds made up of amino acids. Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. They are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids are linked with each other through peptide linkage. Protein has more than 10,000 amino acids, All proteins yield amino acids upon hydrolysis.

    Q20. Write occurrence of protein.in living organism.

    Ans: Proteins are present in all living organisms. They make up bulk of the non-bony structure of the animal bodies. They are major component of all cells and tissues of animals. About 50% of the dry weight of cell is made up of proteins. They are found in muscles, skin, hair, nails, wool, feathers etc

    Q 21. What are amino acids? Write its general formula

    Ans: Amino acids are organic compounds consisting of both amino and carboxyl groups

    Q 22. How many amino acids are synthesized by human body?

    Ans: Ten out of twenty amino acids can be synthesized by human body.

    Q 23. What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

    Ans: That amino acid which cannot be synthesized in our body is termed as essential amino acids, while those which can be synthesized in our body are termed as non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are required by our bodies and must be supplied through diet

    Q 24. What is meant by peptide linkage? How it is formed?

    Ans: Two amino acids link through peptide linkage. Peptide linkage (bond) is formed by the elimination of water molecule between the amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl acid group of another, such as:

    Q 26. What are lipids? How they are classified?

    Ans: Lipids are macromolecules made up of fatty acids. Lipids are classified into oils and fats, Oil and fats are esters of long chain carboxylic (fatty) acid with glycerol

    Q 27. What are triglycerides? Write its general formula.

    Ans: Oils and fats are esters of long chain carboxylic (fatty) acids with glycerol. These esters are made of three fatty acids; therefore, they are called triglyceride. General formula of triglycerides is as under

    Q 28. What is the difference between oils and fats?

    Ans: Oils exist in liquid form at room temperature. They are triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids. While fats exist in solid form at room temperature. They are triglycerides of saturated fatty acids

    Q29. What are fatty acids? Give example

    Ans: Fatty acids are building blocks of lipids. They are long chain saturated or unsaturated carboxyhe acids. Examples are: Palmitic acid CH3COOH Stearic acid C₁₂H₂COOH These acids form esters with glycerol in the presence of mineral acids.

    Q 30. How esters are formed?

    Ans: Fatty acids form esters (oils or fats) with glycerol in the presence of mineral acids.

    Q31. What are the sources of vitamins A, D and E? Write their uses

    Ans: Fats and oils are high energy foods. They are the source of vitamins A, D and E. They are used to build brain cells, nerve cells and cell membranes. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The fats stored in the body insulate it as they are poor conductor of heat and electricity.

    Q32. How vegetable oil is converted into vegetable ghee?

    Ans: Vegetable oils are triester of glycerol and fatty acids of unsaturated Jong chains. These oils are hydrogenated in the presence of nickel catalyst at 250 to 300°C to from vegetable ghee

    Q33. How margarine is produced?

    Ans: Margarine is produced by adding hydrogen to vegetable oil at 200 °C in the presence of catalyst. Greater the amount of hydrogen is added the more solid the margarine becomes

    Q34. As the presence of butanoic acid causes smell in food fruits? If yesągive suitable example.

    Ans: The esters of butanoic acid have fruity smell. For example, methyl butafbate smells like apples and ethyl butanoate smells like pineapple,

    Q35. Why rancid butter has a foul smell?

    Ans: Rancid butter has a foul smell because of butanoic acid.

    Q 36. What is meant by nucleic acid? How it is classified?

    Ans: Nucleic acids are essential components of every living cell. They are generally long chain molecules made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components; nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group.

    Q 37. Nucleic acid is classified into?

    Ans: 1) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) i) RNA (Ribonucleic acids)

    Q 41. Name the elements found in proteins.

    Ans:(i) Carbon (ii) Hydrogen (iii) Oxygen (iv) Nitrogen (v) Sulphur

    Q 42. How amino acids are bonded with each other?

    Ans: Amino acids are bonded with each other through peptide linkage

    Q 44. What are the disadvantages of fats soluble vitamins?

    Ans: If fats soluble vitamins are taken in large quantity they accumulate in the body and cause disease for example accumulation of vitamin D in the body cause bone pain and bone- like deposits in kidney.

    Q 45. What are the advantages of water soluble vitamins?

    Ans: Water soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted from the body. Hence these vitamins are not toxic even if taken in lower quantity.

    Q 46. Name components of nucleotides in DNA

    Ans: (i) Nitrogenous base (ii) Pentose sugar (iii) Phosphate group

    Q47. What is the function of DNA?

    Ans: DNA carries and stores all genetic information of the cell. It passes this information as instructions from generation to generation.

    Q 48. Why RNA is called a messenger?

    Ans: RNA receives, reads, decodes and uses the given information to synthesize new proteins. That is why RNA is also called a messenger.

    Q 49. What is meant by RNA? What is its function?

    Ans: RNA is synthesized by DNA to transmit the genetic information RNA receives, reads, decodes and uses the given information to synthesize new proteins. Thus, RNA is responsible for directing the synthesis of new proteins.

    Q50. Write brief history of vitamins

    Ans: In 1912 Hopkins noticed that in addition to carbohydrates, proteins and fats there are other the synthesis of new proteins

    Q 50. Write brief history of vitamins

    Ans: In 1912 Hopkins noticed that in addition to carbohydrates, proteins and fats there are other substances needed for normal growth. Although these substances were needed in small quantity, yet these substances were called Accessory Growth Factors. Later Funk proposed the name Vitamin for these substances. He discovered Vitamin B, (Thiamin).

    Q51. Write a short note on fats soluble vitamins?

    Ans: The vitamins which dissolve in fats are called fat soluble vitamins. These are vitamin A, D, E and K. If these vitamins are taken in large quantity, they accumulate in the body and cause diseases. For example, accumulation of vitamin D in the body causes bone-pain like deposits in the kidney. However, their deficiency also causes diseases.

    Q52. Write a short note on water soluble vitamins?

    Ans: The vitamins that dissolve in water are called water soluble vitamins. These vitamins are B. complex (this include 10 vitamins) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Water soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted from the body. Hence these vitamins are not toxic even if taken in large quantity. However, their deficiency causes diseases

    Q53. What are the sources of vitamins A?

    Ans: Dairy products eggs, oils, fats and fish. It can also be obtained from the beta-carotene found in green vegetables, carrots and liver.

    Q 54. What is the importance of vitamin A?

    Ans: Maintains the health of the epithelium and acts on the retina’s dark, adaptation mechanism.

    Q55. Write any two diseases caused by the deficiency of vitamin A.

    Ans: Night blindness and eye inflammation

    Q 56. What is the source and importance of vitamin D?

    Ans: Fish liver, dairy products oils and fats. Vitamin D is formed in the skin when it is expose to sunlight.

    Q 57. What is the role of vitamin D in body?

    Ans: Vitamin D has a role in the absorption of calcium which is essential for the maintenance of healthy bones.

    Q58. Write uses of amylases enzyme.

    Ans: Amylase enzymes are used in bread making because they can yield more starch of the flour. Even they are efficient enough to convert starch to sweet glucose syrup. This can be used as sweetener in the food as well as bread making.

    Q59. Write uses of lactase enzyme.

    Ans: Lactase enzyme is used to increase sweetness in ice cream. Lactase enzyme metabolizes the lactase sugar in the body. As lactose in milk is broken down to galactose and glucose Which are sweeter than lactose. 60. What is meant by denaturing of proteins? sugar in the body. As lactose in milk is broken down to galactose and glucose. Which are sweeter than lactose.

    Q 60. What is meant by denaturing of proteins?

    Ans: Denaturing of protein means precipitation or coagulation of protein. It can be carried out by heating or changing pH. A simple common method for denaturing of protein is boiling of an egg. White viscous fluid (albumen) present in an egg is protein. When egg is boiled for a few minutes, albumen coagulates i.e., solidifies.

    Q 61. What are macromolecules?

    Ans: Macromolecules are the bigger molecules: which are formed by smaller molecules. Macromolecules are synthesized by living organisms from simple molecules present in the environment, Macromolecules are essential for us as they are reservoirs of energy.

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  • 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 14: Environment Chemistry The Atmosphere

    10th Class Chapter 14: Environment Chemistry The Atmosphere Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Chemistry Chapter 14 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 14 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. Write composition of dry air.

    Ans: The Composition of dry air, as: Nitrogen 78.09% Oxygen 20.94% Argon 0.93% Carbon dioxide 0.03%

    Q2. What is the difference between primary and secondary pollution.

    Ans: Primary pollutants: Primary pollutants are the waste or exhaust products driven out because of combustion of fossil fuels and organic matter. These are: oxides of Sulphur (SO₂ and SO3) oxides of carbon (CO and CO₂) oxides of nitrogen (especially nitric oxide NO) hydrocarbon (CH) Ammonia and compounds of fluorine. Secondary pollutants: Secondary pollutants are produced by various reactions of primary pollutants. These are: Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, Hydrofluoric acid, Ozone Peroxy-acetyl nitrate (PAN)

    Q3. What are the sources of CO, and CO?

    Ans: The main sources of CO, and CO as: Both of these gases are emitted du No volcanic eruption and decomposition of organic 45 matter naturally. The major source for the emission of these gases is combustion of fossil fuel (coal, petroleum and natural gas). Fossil fuels burnt in combustion engine of any type of automobile, kiln of any industry, or open air fires emit CO and CO. Forest fires and burning of wood also emit CO: and CO. Especially, when supply of oxygen is limited, emission of CO dominates.

    Q4. Why converters should be used in automobile exhausts?

    Ans: Converters should be used in automobile exhaust so that they convert CO to CO, and oxides of nitrogen NO to N: before it enters in air

    Q5. Write importance of CO; to life on earth.

    Ans: CO, is the “life gas for plants. CO, absorbs infrared radiations emitted by the Earth. Although CO, is negligible as compared to N, and O, yet its heat retaining capacity is tremendous. Without CO₂ life on earth would have been impossible 97 Write occurrence of Sulphur compounds in the atmosphere. Ans: Naturally occurring sulphur-containing compounds are emitted in the bacterial decay of organic matter, in volcanic gases and forest fires. But the concentration of sulphur-containing compounds in the atmosphere because of natural sources is very small as compared to the concentration of those compounds emitted by fossil fuel combustion in automobiles and industrial units. About 80% of the total S*O_{2} is released by the combustion of coal and petroleum products.

    Q6. How S*O_{2} and S*O_{3} are formed? How these gases cause air pollution?

    Ans: Fossil fuels contain Sulphur Fossil fuels are burned to produce energy The sulphur in the fuel forms oxides of sulphur. S*O_{2} and S*O_{S} \rightarrow Oxides of sulphur escape into the air. They are air pollutants Oxides of sulphur dissolve in water and form Acid Rain. That falls on the earth.

    Q7. What are the effects of SO, gas? Also writes its properties/characteristics.

    Ans: It cause suffocation, irritation S*O_{2} forms sulphuric acid which damages building and vegetations. S*Q_{2} is a colorless gas having irritating smell.

    Q 8. How to control pollution because of sulphur?

    Ans: To control pollution because of S*O_{2} It is necessary to remove sulphur from fossil fuels before they are burnt

    Q9. How nitric oxide is produced in air?

    Ans: Naturally occurring oxides of nitrogen, mainly nitric oxide (NO), is produced by the electrical lightening in air

    Q10. How nitric oxide is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels?

    Ans: Combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engine in thermal power stations and factories where huge amount of coal is is burnt, burnt, NO is formed by the direct combination of nitrogen and oxygen Q13. How nitric oxide reacts with oxygen? Ans: Nitric oxide quickly reacts with air to form nitrogen dioxide. NO is highly toxic gas.

    Q11. How NO and N*O_{2} are formed? How these gases causes air pollution.

    Ans: Nitrogen in the air is normally un-reactive At high temperature it reacts with oxygen to form oxides of nitrogen. NO & NO: These gases escape into the air. They are pollutants → Oxides of nitrogen dissolve in water and form Acid Rain, That falls on the carth

    Q12. How the mixture of NO and N*O_{1} gases are represented? Write their effects.

    Ans : Mixture of these gases represented as NO, enter in chimneys of thermal power factories. It the air through automobile exhaust and irritates breathing passage This oxide form nitric acid combining with water vapours in air, Nanc acid is a component of acid rain which

    Q 13. What is meant by Ozone? Where do ozone layers exist in the atmosphere?

    Ans: Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen. O₂ represents it, Ozone is present throughout the atmosphere. But its maximum concentration called the ozone layer lies in the stratosphere region about 25 to 30 km away from the Earth’s surface.

    Q 14. How ozone layer protects our earth?

    Ans: Ozone layer surrounds the globe and protects Earth like a shield from harmful ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, otherwise ultraviolet radiations would cause skin cancer. Thus, ozone layer is stratosphere is beneficial for life on Earth.

    Q 15. How the concentration of ozone in stratosphere remains nearly constant?

    Ans: Under normal condition ozone concentration in stratosphere remains nearly constant through series of complex atmospheric reactions. Two reactions that maintain a balance in ozon

    Q 16. What is meant by incineration?

    Ans: Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the burning of solid waste at high temperature between 650°C to 1100°C in incinerators

    Q 17. What is the function of incinerator?

    Ans: Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 80-85% and convert the waste materials into ash, flue gas and heat. Although, the volume of solid waste is reduced effectively by incineration, it produces highly poisonous gases and toxic ash.

    Q 18. Write composition of flue gas.

    Ans: The flue gas includes dioxins, furans, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid and a large amount of particulate matter.

    Q 19. What is meant by filtration?

    Ans: Filtration is separation of insoluble solid particles (sand, clay, dust or precipitates) from a liquid. It is carried out by filtering a mixture

    Q 20. What is the difference between pollutant and contaminants?

    Ans: The pollutants are those substances which cause pollution, While contaminants are those substance that make something impure.

    Q 21. What is meant by air pollution? Write its effects.

    Ans: The harmful substances present in air are called air pollutants. Even a beneficial substance beyond a specific concentration may be harmful. Air pollutants change the weather, badly affects human health, damage the plants and destroy buildings the

    Q22. What do you mean by atmosphere?

    Ans: Our planet Earth has four natural systems, lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere So, atmosphere is the natural system of our our planet Earth It can be defined as Atmosphere is the envelope of different gases around the Earth It extends continuously from the Earth’s surface outwards without any boundary

    Q 23. Name the major constituents of atmosphere is maintained?

    Ans: The major constituents of troposphere are as follows: (a) Nitrogen (b) Oxygen These two gases comprises 99% by volume of the Earth’s atmosphere

    Q 24. How the temperature of atmosphere is maintained?

    Ans: C*O_{2} and water vapours are pre present in atmosphere. Yet these are in low concentration but play an important role in maintaining temperature of atmosphere, Because both these gases allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiations emitted by the Earth surface. So, temperature of atmosphere is maintained.

    Q 25. Where the ozone layer exists?

    Ans: Ozone layer exist in mid stratosphere.

    Q26. Why the temperature of upper stratosphere is higher?

    Ans: Because ozone in the upper layer absorbs high, energy ultraviolet radiations from the sun, it raises the temperature of stratosphere. That is the reason temperature of upper stratosphere is higher

    Q27. What do you mean by an air pollutant?

    Ans: The harmful substances present in air are called air pollutants. For example, Carbon monoxide CO

    Q28. Name three primary air pollutants.

    Ans:(1) Hydrocarbon (CH) (ii) Ammonia (NH) (iii) Oxides of nitrogen (N*O_{2}) Q34. Identify as primary or secondary air pollutant S*O_{2} C H + HNO3, N*H_{3} S*O_{L} Ans: Primary Pollutant: NH: CH. S*O_{2} Secondary Pollutant: HNO, H_{2}*S*O_{2} Ozone

    Q29. Why the CO is dangerous for earth.

    Ans: CO is an air pollutant. It is a health hazard being a highly poisonous gas. Being colorless and odorless its presence cannot be noticed easily and readily. When inhaled, it binds with the hemoglobin more strongly than that of oxygen. Thus, hindering the supply of oxygen in the body Exposure to higher concentrations of CO causes headaches and fatigue. If whaled for a longer time it results in breathing difficulties and ultimately death. It is the reason burning is not allowed in closed places, it is advised to switch off coal or gas heaters, cooking ranges, etc., before going to sleep.

    Q 30. How sulphur containing compounds are emitted naturally?

    Ans: Naturally occurring sulphur containing compounds are emitted in the bacterial decay of organic matter, in volcanic gases any forest fires.

    Q 31. How combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engine produces oxides of nitrogen.

    Ans: Combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines, in thermal power stations and factories where huge amount of coal is burnt, NO is formed by the direct combination of nitrogen and oxygen.

    Q32. How acid rain is produced?

    Ans: Acid rain means presence of excessive acids in rain water. This rain is produced when normal rain water dissolved oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in air. Rain water converts SO, into H₂SO, and NO to HNO2 and HNO3. These acids reduces the pH of rain water upto 4. Thus, acid rain formed on dissolving acidic air pollutant such as SO, and NO: in rain water

    Q 33. Why acid rain damages buildings?

    Ans: Acid rain attacks the calcium carbonate present in the marble and limestone of buildings and monuments. Thus, these buildings are getting dull and eroded day by day.

    Q34. How aquatic life is affected by acid rain?

    Ans: Acid rain on soil and rocks leaches heavy metals (Al, He, Pb, Cr, etc.) with, it and discharges these metals into rivers and lakes. This water is used by human beings for drinking purpose. These metals accumulate in human body to a toxic level. On the other hand, aquatic life present in lakes also suffers because of high concentration metals Especially high concentration ration of aluminum metal clogs the fish gills. It causes suffocation and ultimately death of fish sam go

    Q 35. Why plants are dying day by day? Discuss

    Ans: Acid rain directly damages the leaves of trees and plants, thus limiting their growth. Depending upon the severity of the damage, plants growth can be hampered Plants ability to bear cold or diseases reduce to get it die.

    Q36. Justify, ozone is beneficial for human beings.

    Ans: Ozone is present throughout the atmosphere. But is maximum concentration called ozone layer lies in stratosphere region about 25 to 30 km away from the Earth’s surface. This layer surrounds the globe and protects Farth like a shield from harmful ultraviolet radiations of sunlight. Otherwise ultraviolet radiations would cause skin cancer. Thus, ozone layer in stratosphere is beneficial for life on the carth

    Q 37. What do you mean by ozone hole?

    Ans: The region in which ozone layer depletes is called ozone hole. A single chlorine free radical released by the decomposition of CFCs is capable of destroying upto many lacs of ozone molecules.

    Q 38. Where the ozone layer is found?

    Ans: Ozone layer lies in stratosphere region and formed by the associates of an oxygen atom with an oxygen molecule in the mid of stratosphere.

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  • 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 16: Chemical Industries

    10th Class Chapter 16: Chemical Industries Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Chemistry Chapter 16 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 16 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. Define concentration process, is it used in metallurgy of copper?

    Ans: The process of removal of gangue from the ore ore is technically known as concentration and the purified ore is called the concentrate. Yes, concentration process used in metallurgy of copper.

    Q2. Why a small amount of coke is required in the smelting process?

    Ans: Because smelting is carried out in blast furnace. The process in blast furnace is highly exothermic process. Therefore, a small amount of coke is required in this process.

    Q3. Why lime is added in the smelting process?

    Ans: Lime is added to remove excess of SiO₂, Lime reacts with sand to form slag.

    Q5. What is the difference between slag and matte?

    Ans: Slag: When flux combine with gangue it will form slag which being lighted in weight and floats on the molten metal Matte: In blast furnace cuprous sulphide and ferrous sulphide form a mixture (CuS Fes).This molten mixture is called matte

    Q6. Mention the chemical reaction for the formation of metallic copper in the bessemerization process.

    Ans: Chemical reactions for the formation of metallic copper in the bessemerization process, as follow

    Q7. Why anode is eaten up in electro refining process?

    Ans: T Because on passing the electric current through the Copper sulphate solution, anode (Impure copper) dissolves to provide Cu ions to the solution, these Cu jons are discharged by gaming of electrons from the cathode thereby copper atorte deposit on the cathode, making it thick block of pure copper metal. The impurities like gold and salvet settle down as anosle raid

    Q8. What do you mean by anode mud?

    Ans: During the electro refining process of copper which carried out in an electolynek, The impurities like gold and silver settle down as annde mud

    Q9. Why only NaHCO, precipitates when C*O_{2} is passed through the Ammonical brine?

    Ans: When C*O_{2} is passed through the Ammonical brine, a mixture of NH4Cl and NaHCO, is obtained. The temperature of the mixture is lowered to 15°C and precipitates of NaHCO, are formed. Because NaHCO, is insoluble in NH4Cl at low temperature.

    Q10. Which raw materials are required for the formation of sodium carbonate?

    Ans: The raw materials needed for the formation of sodium carbonates are:

    Q11. How C*O_{2} is prepared in the Solvay’s process?

    Ans: C*O_{2} is prepared by heating lime stone in a lime kiln.

    Q 12. Give the advantages of Solvay’s process.

    Ans: The advantages of Solvay’s process are as: i.It is a cheap process as raw materials are available at very low prices. ii. Carbon-dioxide and ammonia are recovered and reused. iii.Process is pollution free, because the only waste is calcium chloride solution iv. Sodium carbonate of very high purity is obtained. v. Consumption of fuel is very less since no solution is to be evaporated.

    Q13. What happens when ammonium carbonate is heated with steam?

    Ans: When arnmonium carbamate is evaporated with the help of steam, it dehydrates, to form urea

    Q14. How many stages are involved in the formation of urea?

    Ans: There are three stages are involved in the formation of urea. These are: i. Reaction of ammonia and carbon-dioxide ii. Urca formation iii. Granulation of urea

    Q15. What role is played by pine oil in the froth flotation process?

    Ans: Pine oil is played an important role in froth flotation process because Pine oil coated ore particles being lighter come to the surface in the form of froth that can be skimmed easily

    Q16. Name the various metallurgical operation.

    Ans: The process involved in metallurgy fin extraction of a metal in the pure stale from its are as ore i. Concentration of the ones ii. Extraction the metal iii. Refining of metal

    Q17. How roasting is carried out?

    Ans: Roasting process is carried out in a special farmace which is called Reverberatory furnace.

    Q 19. How NaHCO, is converted into N*a_{2}*C*O_{3} * 1

    Ans: Sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated to get sodium carbonate

    Q 20. How ammonia is recovered in Solvay’s process?

    Ans: Ammonia is recovered in this tower from ammonium chloride solution produced in the carbonated tower and calcium hydroxide formed in lime kiln.

    Q21. How ammonia is prepared for synthesis is Urea?

    Ans: Ammonia is prepared by the Haber’s process. One volume of nitrogen (from air) and three volumes of hydrogen (obtained by passing methane and steam over hented nickel catalyst) is passed over iron catalyst at 450°C and 200 atm pressure

    Q22. Describe the formation of petroleum?

    Ans: Petroleum was formed by the decomposition of dead plants and animal buried under earth’s crust millions of years ago.

    Q23. What is refining of petroleum and how it is carried out?

    Ans: Refining process is the separation of crude oil mixture into various useful products (fractions), It is carried out by a process called fractional distillation.

    Q24. Give uses of kerosene oil.

    Ans: It is used as domestic fuel, a special grade of it is used as jet fuel

    Q 26. Write down the names of four fractions obtained by the fractional distillation, of residual oil.

    Ans: The four fractions of residual oil are: i. lubricants ii. wax iii. Paraffin iv. Asphalt

    Q 27. What is the difference between crude oil and residual oil?

    Ans: Crude oil: It is dark brownish viscous liquid which is formed of dead plants and animals Residual oil: After the fractional distillation of petroleum, the oil is left behind called residual oil.

    Q 28. Which petroleum fraction is used in dry cleaning?

    Ans: Gasoline or petrol is used in dry cleaning.

    Q 29. Define Metallurgy.

    Ans: Metallurgy is the science of extracting metals from ores.

    Q 30. Define Minerals.

    Ans: The solid natural materials found beneath the earth surface, which contains compound of ractals in the combined state along with earthly impurities are called minerals.

    Q31. Define ores.

    Ans: The minerals from which the metals are extracted commercially at a compamtively low cost with minimum effort are called ores of the metals. For example, ores of copper are copper glance (CueS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)

    Q32. Why the colour of hairs different from different people?

    Ans: The colour of hairs caused by the presence of transition metal compound in the hair, Brown hair contains iron or copper compounds blonde hair contains compounds of titanium and redhead hair is because of the presence of molybdenum compounds

    Q 33. Define Gangue,

    Ans: Impurities associated with the ore known as gangue

    Q34. Write down the names of steps used in metallurgy.

    Ans: The process involved in metallurgy for extraction of a metal in the pure state them its ore are as i Concentration of the ore ii. Extraction of the metals iii.Refining of the metal

    Q35. What is concentration of the ore?

    Ans: The process of removed of yangue from the one is technically known as concentration and the purified ore is called concentrate

    Q36. What is gravity separation?

    Ans: Gravity separation is based on the difference in ses of the metallic ore and pangue particles

    Q 37. Define Forth flotation process.

    Ans: Froth flotation process is based on the welting characteristics of the ore and the gangue particles with oil and water respectively.

    Q38. Define electromagnetic separation.

    Ans: Electromagnetic separation is based on the separation of magnetic ores from the non-magnetic impurities by means of electromagnetic or magnetic separators.

    Q 39. Define Roasting.

    Ans: It is the process of heating the concentrated ore to a high temperature in excess of au

    Q 40. What is blister copper?

    Ans: The dissolved gases escape out forming blisters on the surface of the solid copper. Therefore, the solid copper it is called blister cupper. It is about 98% pure copper.

    Q 41. Describe the principle of Solvay’s process.

    Ans: Principle of Solvay’s process lies in the low solubility of sodium bicarbonate at low temperature 1.c. at 15°C. When CO, Ts passed through only NaHCO, precipitates

    Q 42. What do you know about Urea?

    Ans: Urea is nitrogenous fertilizers. It consists of 46.61% nitrogen li is white crystalline compound highly soluble in water, it is used for the manufacturing of important chemical, but its major (about 90%) use is as a fertilizer,

    Q43. Define petroleum.

    Ans: Petroleum means rock oil, It is a complex mixture of several gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons having water, salts and carth particles with it. It is lighter than water and is assoluble in it.

    Q 44. Define refining.

    Ans: Refining process is the separation of crude usted into various aseful products (fractious), it is carried out by a process called fractional destillation

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    For the 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 16 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    he purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.