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  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 1: Data Basics

    2nd year Chapter 1: Data Basics Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 1 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 1 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q 1. What is data?

    Ans. Raw facts and figures are called data. It is used to perform certain
    operations in an organization. It gives the status of past activities. Data may
    be numerical like inventory figures, test scores, etc. Data may be non
    numerical like your name and address.

    Q 2. What is information?

    Ans. Processed data is called information. It is usually output of a process
    and is meaningful. The grade of a student in a particular subject in a
    semester precisely gives the complete information of the performance of a
    student.

    Q 3. What is the difference between data and information?

    Ans. Data is raw facts whereas information is processed form of data. Data
    is given to the computer for input and information is received from the
    computer in the form of output.

    Q 4. Define data processing.

    Ans. Data processing is any computer process that converts data into
    information or knowledge. The processing is usually assumed to be
    automated an running on a computer. It can also be defined “The
    manipulation of data to achieve some required objective is called data
    processing.

    Q 5. What is data manipulation?

    Ans. Applying different operations on data is called data manipulation. This
    operation include classification, calculation, sorting, and summarizing.

    Q 6. Define field?

    Ans. Each column of a table in relational database is called a field. It
    represents the attributes of the entity. In table it is represented as a column
    header.

    Q 7. Define record.

    Ans. A collection of related fields treated as a single unit is called record. If
    we collect different attributes of a student then it will be called student
    record.

    Q8. Define file.

    Ans: A file is a collection of related records treated as a single unit. For example, if you gather students’ records, it becomes a student file.

    Q9. Name file types from a usage perspective.

    Ans: Types of files from a usage perspective include master files, transaction files, and backup files.

    Q10. Name file types from a function perspective.

    Ans: Types of files from a function perspective are program files and data files.

    Q11. What is a program file?

    Ans: A program file contains software instructions. It includes source files and executable files.

    Q12. What is file organization?

    Ans: File organization refers to how records in a file are physically arranged on secondary storage devices. Various methods exist, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.

    Q13. Name different types of file organization.

    Ans: Different types of file organization include sequential files, direct or random access files, and indexed sequential files.

    Q14. What are sequential files?

    Ans: In sequential files, records are stored one after another in sequence. They are less efficient for storing data quickly but offer portability. However, you can only access data sequentially.

    Q15. What are direct or random access files?

    Ans: Direct or random access files allow direct access to records without going through the preceding ones. This method is more efficient for quickly accessing data.

    Q16. What are indexed sequential files?

    Ans: Indexed sequential files allow both sequential and random access based on a key value. Records are stored as key-pointer pairs, requiring more disk space than random files. However, their processing speed is as fast as random files.

    Q17. What is an index?

    Ans: A database index is a data structure that enhances the speed of operations on a database table. It’s created by developers or a Database Administrator (DBA) and contains key attributes for rapid random lookups and efficient ordered record access.

    Q18. Define a database.

    Ans: A database is a structured collection of records or data stored in a computer. Programs use it to answer queries, turning retrieved records into information for decision-making. A database management system (DBMS) manipulates the data.

    Q19. What is a database management system?

    Ans: A database management system is a set of programs that store, modify, and extract information from a database. Various types exist, from small systems on personal computers to large systems on mainframes, serving organizations with different file types.

    Q20. What is a data dictionary?

    Ans: A data dictionary is a file used by a DBMS to store data definitions and database structure information. It includes details like name, type, value range, source, and access authorization for each data element.

    Q21. What do you mean by consistency constraint?

    Ans: Consistency constraints are rules that must be followed when entering data into a database. For example, the name field should not contain numerical values, and the date of birth field should contain a valid date.

    Q22. What is meant by data independence?

    Ans: Data independence means that data and application programs are separated. The physical implementation of data is hidden from application programs. The Database Management System (DBMS) acts as an intermediary between application programs and the database.

    Q23. Name some large databases developed.

    Ans: Well-known large databases include NADRA, Google, VISA, and Amazon’s books database, which are widely recognized worldwide.

    Q24. Write down any two disadvantages of a database system.

    Ans: Disadvantages of a database system include the need for additional training, higher hardware costs, and increased software costs.

    Q25. What are the activities performed on data?

    Ans: Users of a database typically have several actions they can perform, such as adding new files to the database, removing existing files, inserting new data, retrieving data, updating data in existing files, and deleting data from existing files.

    Q26. Name the four major components of a database system.

    Ans: The four major components of a database system are:

    1. Data: Raw facts that become information after processing.
    2. Hardware: The physical components of the system, including I/O devices, primary and secondary storage devices, I/O channels, and processors.
    3. Software: Various programs, including user and system software.
    4. Users: The individuals or entities that interact with the database system.

    Q1. Fill in the blanks

    1. DBMS stands for Database Management System.
    2. A record is a collection of related fields.
    3. A file is a collection of related records.
    4. Before processing the data is recorded in transaction files.
    5. A database is a collection of logically related data.
    6. The data definitions are stored in data dictionary.
    7. SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
    8. Hierarchical data model has the general shape of an organizational chart.
    9. Data is a collection of facts, figures and statistics.
    10. Processed data is called information.

    Q2. Select the correct option

    1: Which of the following represents a collection of concepts that are used to
    describe the structure of a database?
    a) Data warehouse
    b) Data structure
    c) Data model
    d) Data type

    2: Which of the following data model is more flexible?
    a) Network data model
    b) Hierarchical data model
    c) Relational data model
    d) Object data model

    3: Which of the following type of file require largest processing time?

    a) Sequential file
    b) Random file
    c) Indexed sequential file
    d) Direct access file

    4: Which of the following may be a temporary file?
    a) Master file
    b) Transaction file
    c) Backup file
    d) None of these

    5: SQL is a(n)
    a) Unstructured Language
    b) Structured language
    c) Object oriented language
    d) Software

    6: A collection of raw facts and figures is called:
    a) Data
    b) Information
    c) Database
    d) Data capturing

    1. Which of the following is not related to data manipulation?
      a) Summarizing
      b) Data capturing
      c) Classifying
      d) Calculations
    2.  represents an object:
      a) Person
      b) Organization
      c) An event
      d) All of these
    3. The manipulated and processed data is called:
      (a) Raw data
      (b) Information
      (c) Object
      (d) None of these
    4. A series of actions that are performed on raw data achieve the required objective
      and results are called:
      (a) Operation
      (b) Data processing
      (c) Processes
      (d) Both (a) and (b)
    5. In activity data is collected and recorded:
      (a) Data capturing
      (b) Data Manipulating
      (c) Managing result
      (d) None of these
    6. In a school the record of cricket and hockey team organized into two groups is
      referred as
      a) Classifying
      b) Summarizing
      c) Sorting
      d) Searching
    7. A set of related characters that represent a unit of data is called
      a) File
      b) Record
      c) Field
      d) Database
    8. A set of related fields that represent a unit of data is called
      a) File
      b) Record
      c) Field
      d) Database
    9. A set of related records that represent a unit of data is called
      a) File
      b) Record
      c) Field
      d) Database
    1. A set of related files that represent a unit of data is called
      a) File
      b) Record
      c) Field
      d) Database
    2. Which of the following refers to the correctness and consistency of data?
      a) Data Independence
      b) Data Integration
      c) Data Integrity
      d) Data Structure
    3. Which of the following database model has the shape like and organizational
      chart?
      a) Network Model
      b) Hierarchical Model
      c) Relational Model
      d) Data Model
    4. In a college, organizing the record of Science and Arts students into two groups,
      this activity is referred to as
      (a) Sorting
      (b) Summarizing
      (c) Classifying
      (d) None of these
    5. The process of arranging data in a proper order is called:
      (a) Sorting
      (b) Summarizing
      (c) Classifying
      (d) Data capturing
    6. Storage and retrieval of data is related to:
      (a) Data capturing
      (b) Data Manipulation
      (c) Managing output result
      (d) None of these
    7. The process of making duplicate copies of output result is called:
      (a) Storage and retrieval
      (b) Reproduction
      (c) backup copy
      (d) Data processing
    8. is related to managing output result:
      (a) Storage and retrieval
      (b) Communications
      (c) Reproduction
      (d) All of these
    9. Communicating the information through internet is related to:
      (a) Managing output result
      (b) Data capturing
      (c) Data Manipulation
      (d) None of these
    10. The term “inverted tree” is used in
      a) Network Model
      b) Hierarchical Model
      c) Relational Model
      d) None of above
    1. The separation of the data structure of database from the application program is
      called.
      a) Data Independence
      b) Data Integration
      c) Data Integrity
      d) Data Model
    2. Which of the following data models is the most commonly used.
      a) Hierarchical Model
      b) Network Model
      c) Relational Model
      d) None of above
    3. Which of the following is a computerized record keeping system?
      a) Data system
      b) Database
      c) File System
      d) DBMS
    4. DBA Stands for
      a) Data Business Adminstrator
      b) Database Administrator
      c) Data Basic Applicaiton
      d) Database Application
    5. Which of the following are the components of DBMS?
      a) Hardware
      b) Software
      c) Personnel
      d) All of above
    6. Which of the following contain data definitions?
      a) Data Dictionary
      b) Database
      c) Database Integrity
      d) All of above
    7. Which of the following is a query language?
      a) DBMS
      b) Utilities
      c) Report
      d) SQL
    8. The name of person represents:
      (a) Field
      (b) Record
      (c) File
      (d) None of these
    9. A complete information about a particular entity represents a:
      (a) Field
      (b) Record
      (c) File
      (d) None of these
    10. Each column in a table represents a:
      (a) Field
      (b) Record
      (c) File
      (d) None of these
    1. Each row of a table represents a:
      (a) Field
      (b) Record
      (c) File
      (d) None of these
    2. A table with related records is referred to as:
      (a) Field
      (b) Record
      (c) File
      (d) None of these
    3. The process of making the copy of original is called
      a) Storage
      b) Retrieval
      c) Backup
      d) None of above
    4. Arrangement of data in a particular order is
      a) Searching
      b) Sorting
      c) Storing
      d) Summarizing
    5. The file extension of a program file is
      a) EXE
      b) Com
      c) prog
      d) both a and b
    6. Which is not true about data
      a) Facts
      b) Figures
      c) Meaningful
      d) Cannot be used for decision making
    7. Using information managers can create
      a) Useful Reports
      b) Graphs
      c) Statistics
      d) All of Above
    8. To convert data into information we need some
      a) Input
      b) Output
      c) Processing
      d) All of Above
    9. Which one refers data capturing
      a) Getting Data
      b) Calculation
      c) Placing
      d) Sorting
    10. Reproduction refers to
      (a) Making Data Readable
      (b) Making Data Clear
      (c) Making Data Presentable
      (d) Making Data Duplicate
    11. Which one is not a file type with reference to usage point of view
      (a) Transaction File
      (b) Master File
      (c) Program File
      (d) Backup File
    1. Which one is a file type with reference to usage point of view
      (a) Transaction File
      (b) Data File
      (c) Program File
      (d) Sequential File
    2.  is also called data set:
      (a) Field
      (b) Record
      (c) File
      (d) All
    3.  contains only one type of data:
      (a) Field
      (b) Record
      (c) File
      (d) Database
    4.  files contains information that remains constant over a long period of
      time:
      (a) Master file
      (b) Backup file
      (c) Transaction file
      (d) None of these
    5.  files type is used to update data in master file:
      (a) Backup file
      (b) Transaction file
      (c) Sequential file
      (d) Data file
    6. A file that is used to keep a copy of important data is called:
      (a) Master file
      (b) Transaction file
      (c) Backup file
      (d) Data file
    7. The data can be recovered in case of loss by using?
      (a) Master file
      (b) Program file
      (c) Backup file
      (d) Data file
    8.  file type is executable file and contains the set of program’s
      instructions:
      (a) Backup file
      (b) Program file
      (c) Master file
      (d) Data file
    9.  may be a temporary file:
      (a) Master file
      (b) Transaction file
      (c) Backup file
      (d) None of these
    10. Which file contains the data prior to the stage of processing
      (a) Data File
      (b) Transaction File
      (c) Program File
      (d) Backup File
    11. The Latest update files are
      (a) Data File
      (b) Transaction File
      (c) Master File
      (d) Backup File
    12. Program files contain
      (a) Data about program
      (b) Instructions
      (c) Data about Transactions
      (d) Records
    13. In which type of file key fields are stored separately
      (a) Program File
      (b) Indexed Sequential File
      (c) Sequential File
      (d) Random File
    14. Hardware refers to the
      (a) Database Components
      (b) Logical Components
      (c) Data Components
      (d) Physical Components
    15. Collection of programs used to manage database
      (a) Database System
      (b) DBMS
      (c) Data System
      (d) Database Manager
    16. Which one is not advanced capability of DBMS
      (a) Online
      (b) Ad-hoc Reporting
      (c) Backup / Recover
      (d) Speed
    17. The extension of a file created in Notepad is:
      (a) .doc
      (b) .txt
      (c) .exe
      (d) .pad
    18. Database file has a file extension:
      (a) .xls
      (b) .txt
      (c) .mdb
      (d) .mpg
    19. Which of the following file extensions represents the image file?
      (a) .gif
      (b) .jpg
      (c) .bmp
      (d) All of these
    20. The techniques used to write and retrieve data to and from the storage devices are
      called:
      (a) Storage Methods
      (b) Access Methods
      (c) None of these
      (d) Index Methods
    21. Which files organization uses the magnetic storage media?
      (a) Direct
      (b) Random
      (c) Indexed Sequential
      (d) Sequential
    22.  files requires largest processing time:
      (a) Sequential file
      (b) Random file
      (c) Indexed sequential files
      (d) Direct access file
    23. Multiple copies of the same data is referred to as:
      (a) Data integrity
      (b) Data Redundancy
      (c) Data inconsistency
      (d) Both (a) and (b)
    24. Which one is not the feature of DBMS
      (a) Utilities
      (b) Storage
      (c) Data Dictionary
      (d) Report Generator
    25. Which one is not an SQL statement
      (a) CREATE
      (b) INSERT
      (c) GET
      (d) SELECT
    26.  problems occurs in traditional file system:
      (a) Data Redundancy
      (b) Data inconsistency
      (c) Data security
      (d) All of these
    27. A collection of logically related data is called.
      (a) Record
      (b) Data file
      (c) Database
      (d) None of these
    28. A collection of data that include name, address, NIC number, phone number etc.
      of an employee represents:
      (a) Data base
      (b) Field
      (c) Data set
      (d) Record
    29.  refers to the correctness and consistency of data:
      (a) Data independence
      (b) Data integration
      (c) Data integrity
      (d) Data model
    30.  identifies the data items to be stored into database and the relationships
      between them:
      (a) Data independence
      (b) Data integration
      (c) Data integrity
      (d) Data model
    31.  represents a collection of concepts that are used to describe the
      structure of a databas:
      (a) Data warehouse
      (b) Data model
      (c) Data structure
      (d) Data type
    32.  data base models has the shape like an organization chart:
      (a) Network Model
      (b) Relational Model
      (c) Hierarchical Model
      (d) None of these
    33. The term “inverted tree” is used in:
      (a) Network Model
      (b) Relational Model
      (c) Hierarchical Model
      (d) None of these
    34. In  data base models, a complex diagram may be used to represent the
      structure of database:
      (a) Network Model
      (b) Relational Model
      (c) Hierarchical Model
      (d) None the these
    35.  data base models is commonly used today:
      (a) Network Model
      (b) Relational Model
      (c) Hierarchical Model
      (d) None of these
    36.  database models has no physical connections between entities:
      (a) Network Model
      (b) Relational Model
      (c) Hierarchical Model
      (d) None of these

    [Ch#1] Data Basics 36 Computer Science Part-II

    1.  is the component of DBMS:
      (a) Data
      (b) Hardware
      (c) Software
      (d) All of these
    2.  is related to personnel, a component of DBMS:
      (a) Application Programmer
      (b) End users
      (c) Database Administrator
      (d) All of these
    3.  contains data definitions used in the database:
      (a) Utilities
      (b) Data Dictionary
      (c) Database integrity
      (d) All of these
    4. The printed or onscreen display of data or information in the database is called:
      (a) Entity
      (b) Report
      (c) Query
      (d) Screen
    5. The type of files from functional point of view may include:
      (a) Program file
      (b) Backup file
      (c) Transaction file
      (d) None of these
    6. The type of files from storage point of view may include:
      (a) Transaction file
      (b) Sequential file
      (c) Backup file
      (d) Data file
    7. Video file has a file extension:
      (a) .avi
      (b) .wav
      (c) .mpg
      (d) both (a) & (c)
    8. Audio file has a file extension:
      (a) .avi
      (b) .wav
      (c) .mid
      (d) both (b) & (c)
    9. .doc represents:
      (a) File name
      (b) File extension
      (c) File type
      (d) None of these
    10. The objectives of database may include:
      (a) data integration
      (b) data independence
      (c) data integrity
      (d) All of these

    [Ch#1] Data Basics 37 Computer Science Part-II

    1. The objectives of database system or DBMS may include:
      (a) Database integrity
      (b) Availability
      (c) Evolveability
      (d) All of these
    2.  is handled by database system or DBMS:
      (a) Data security
      (b) Data independence
      (c) Data integrity
      (d) All of these
    3. DBMS stands for
      (a) Databasics Methodology System
      (b) Database Managerial System
      (c) Database Management System
      (d) None of Above
    4.  is the feature of DBMS:
      (a) Data dictionary
      (b) Backup & Recovery
      (c) Query language
      (d) All of these

    Q3. Write T for true and F for false statement

    1. Data can only be processed through computers. (F)
    2. The traditional file system approach has many advantages over DBMS. (F)
    3. Data dictionary is used to view the meanings of database terminology. (F)
    4. Master file is the latest updated file which never becomes empty, ever since it is
      created. (T)
    5. SQL is used to retrieve information from the database based on certain criteria.(T)
    6. The Network Data Model is more popular and widely used than Relational Data
      Model. (F)
    7. Indexed sequential files can be processed sequentially as well as randomly. (T)
    8. Backup files store data prior to its processing. (F)
    9. Microsoft ACCESS is a relational database management system. (T)
    10. A report generator is used to produce a printed document from the database. (T)

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Daman Game App: How to Use Built-In Tutorials and Guides Effectively

    With the rise of mobile gaming, more and more users are turning to game apps for entertainment and relaxation. Daman Game App is one such app that offers a wide variety of games to its users. However, navigating through these games can sometimes be daunting for new users. This is where built-in tutorials and guides come in handy.

    This article will explore the importance of built-in tutorials and guides in the Daman Game App, and provide tips on how to use them effectively to enhance your gaming experience.

    1. Understanding the Importance of Tutorials and Guides

    Tutorials and guides play a crucial role in helping users navigate through the various features and gameplay mechanics of a game. In the case of the Daman Game App, these built-in resources can provide users with valuable information on how to play specific games, unlock achievements, and progress through different levels.

    By following these tutorials and guides, users can learn the ins and outs of each game, improve their skills, and ultimately have a more enjoyable gaming experience. Additionally, tutorials and guides can help prevent frustration and confusion, as they provide clear instructions on how to perform various actions within the game.

    2. Utilizing Built-In Tutorials and Guides in the Daman Game App

    When you first launch the Daman Game App, take the time to explore the tutorials and guides provided for each game. These resources are typically accessible from the main menu or within the game itself. Make sure to read through the instructions carefully and familiarize yourself with the controls and objectives before diving into gameplay.

    If you come across a particular level or challenge that you’re having trouble with, don’t hesitate to refer back to the tutorials and guides for help. These resources are designed to assist you in overcoming obstacles and progressing through the game smoothly. By following the tips and strategies provided, you can improve your gameplay and increase your chances of success.

    3. Tips for Making the Most of Tutorials and Guides

    Here are some tips on how to make the most of the tutorials and guides available in the Daman Game App:

    – Take your time to read through the instructions thoroughly and understand the gameplay mechanics before starting a new game. – Practice the techniques and strategies outlined in the tutorials to improve your skills and gameplay performance. – Refer back to the guides whenever you encounter a challenging level or task, and follow the tips provided to overcome obstacles. – Don’t be afraid to experiment and try out different strategies to see what works best for you. – Share your experiences and insights with other users in the Daman Game App community to learn from each other and improve collectively.

    By following these tips and utilizing the tutorials and guides effectively, you can enhance your gaming experience and enjoy all that the Daman Game App has to offer.

    In conclusion, built-in tutorials and guides are valuable resources that can help users navigate through the Daman Game App and improve their gameplay skills. By taking the time to understand and utilize these resources effectively, users can enhance their gaming experience daman game and have more fun playing their favorite games. So next time you’re struggling with a level or challenge, don’t hesitate to refer back to the tutorials and guides for guidance. Happy gaming!

  • 2nd year Biology Important Questions

    2nd year Biology Important Questions 2024 Punjab Board

    You are trying to get 12th class Biology estimation paper 2024 in urdu and Biology medium then you are on right website. We have uploaded the best quality estimate paper of class 12th Biologys in both media.  Our useful Biology 12th class estimation paper is valid for all Punjab boards. including BISE Faisalabad, BISE Lahore, BISE Gujranwala, BISE Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), BISE Sargodha, BISE Sahiwal, BISE Multan and BISE Jammu Kashmir. Many students practice Biology Important Question  2024 by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good grades in the exam.

    Chapter 15

    Important Short Questions

    1. Define homeostasis with examples.
    2. What are heat shock proteins?
    3. What is a hypertonic and hypotonic environment and what changes occur in cell in this environment?
    4. Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
    5. Differentiate between active flight and passive flight.
    6. Differentiate between shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesis.
    7. Define endotherms, ectotherms and heterotherms.
    8. Write four adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes and mesophytes.
    9. Differentiate between fibres and sclereides.
    10. Differentiate between afferent and efferent arterioles.
    11. Define lithotripsy.
    12. What is haemodialysis? Give its importance.
    13. What is foramen triosium? How is it formed?
    14. What is renal failure?
    15. Differentiate between ureotelic and urecotelic animals.
    16. Define anhydrobiosis with an example.
    17. What is hyproxaluria?
    18. Differentiate between photonasty and thermonasty.
    19. Define phototactic and chemotactic movements with examples.

    Important Long Questions

    1. Discuss excretion in Plants.
    2. Discuss Kidney disorders with treatment.
    3. Discuss the role of liver as an excretory organ.
    4. Discuss the system of thermoregulation in mammals.

    Chapter 16

    Important Short Questions

    1. Differentiate between bone and cartilage.
    2. Name the unpaired facial bones.
    3. Differentiate between epical, lateral and intercalary meristems.
    4. What is blastoderm? Name its layers.
    5. What is hematoma formation?
    6. How callus is formed?
    7. What is a synovial joint?
    8. Give composition of exoskeleton in molluscs and arthropods.
    9. Differentiate between hyaline and fibro cartilage.
    10. What is sciatica and its causes?
    11. Differentiate between effective and recovery strokes?
    12. What is non-disjunction? Give its effects.
    13. What is rickets? Give its causes and treatment.
    14. Differentiate between tendons and ligaments.
    15. What are the internal factors which affect the process of growth?
    16. What is secondary growth? Give its importance.
    17. What are brnachialis and branchioradialis?

    Important Long Questions

    1. What is endoskeleton? Describe bone and cartilage.
    2. Describe the significance of secondary growth in plants. Phases of plants growth.
    3. Give a detailed note on sliding filament model.
    4. Explain the main parts of axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
    5. Explain different types of joints.

    Chapter 17

    Important Short Questions

    1. What are effectors? Give their types.
    2. Name only types of innate behaviour.
    3. Differentiate between neurula and neurocoel.
    4. Define primary organizer and primary induction.
    5. Draw and label sensory neuron.
    6. Define reflex arc.
    7. Differentiate between nerves and ganglia.
    8. What is salutatory impulse?
    9. What is effects of nicotine on coordination?
    10. What is chlorosis?
    11. What is a hormone? List its type.
    12. Define habituation with an example.
    13. Give functions of parathyroid gland and adrenal gland.
    14. What is Alzheimer’s disease?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Nervous system of hydra is better developed than that of planaria. Discuss.
    2. Explain the structure and functions of human brain with diagram.
    3. Write a note on adrenal gland.
    4. How nerve impulse is produced? Explain its mechanism with diagram?

    Chapter 18

    Important Short Questions

    1. Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
    2. Define parthenocarpy. Give examples.
    3. What is seed dormancy? Give its importance.
    4. What is photoperiodism? Give its effects on plants.
    5. Define vernalisation. Write its two advantages.
    6. Define tissue culture and cloning with examples.
    7. Differentiate between identical and fraternal twins.
    8. Differentiate between oviparous and viviparous.
    9. Define menstrual cycle, oestrous cycle and menopause.
    10. What is diploid parthenogenesis?
    11. What is structure and function of corpus leuteum?
    12. Name STDs with their relative causative agents.
    13. Define apormixis.
    14. Defined haploid and diploid parthenogenesis?
    15. What is ovulation?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Explain the female menstrual cycle.
    2. Explain the male reproductive system of man.
    3. Compare asexual reproduction with sexual reproduction.
    4. Elaborate the functions of placenta during pregnancy.

    Chapter 19

    Important Short Questions

    1. Differentiate between growth and development.
    2. Differentiate between epical, lateral and intercalary meristems.
    3. Write three signs of aging.
    4. Give two causes of abnormal development.
    5. What is blastoderm? Name its layers.
    6. What are the internal factors which affect the process of growth.
    7. What is discoidal cleavage.
    8. Differentiate between neurula and neurocoel.
    9. What is organogenesis?
    10. Define regeneration with example.
    11. What is meristem ?
    12. What do you know about open growth?
    13. Differentiate between morulla and blastolua stage in the development of chick.
    14. What is basic difference between chick and amphibian embryo?
    15. Define correlation?
    16. Define hypoblast and epiblast?
    17. Describe the role of cytoplasm in development?
    18. What is meant by differentiation?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Write a note on development of chick.
    2. Describe the signs and causes of abnormal development.
    3. Explain internal and external factors of growth.
    4. Explain the phases of growth in plants.

    Chapter 20

    Important Short Questions

    1. Define recombinant DNA. Role of lambda phage.
    2. What is anticodon?
    3. What is karyotype?
    4. Write 3 major classes of RNA
    5. What is mutation?
    6. Where does DNA replication start on the DNA molecule?
    7. Define transformation process?
    8. Define chromosomes and nucleosome?
    9. Define semi-conservative replication?
    10. Explain sex limited traits.
    11. What is phosphodiester linkage?
    12. Write the main component of DNA.
    13. Define point mutation and chromosomal aberration.
    14. What are Okazaki fragments? Give their length.
    15. Differentiate between transcription and translation?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Describe DNA as Hereditary material in details?
    2. Explain the works of Meselson and Stahi in DNA study.
    3. What are chromosomes? What do you know about their types.
    4. Explain Watson and Crick model of DNA.

    Chapter 21

    Important Short Questions

    1. What is non-disjunction? Give its effects?
    2. Define cell cycle. Give its phases.
    3. How cytokinesis occur in animals and plants
    4. What is mitotic apparatus? Give its functions.
    5. Explain homologous and analogous organs.
    6. Give importance of mitosis/meiosis.
    7. What is metastasis? Write its importance.
    8. Differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis.
    9. Write the symptoms and causes of Down’s syndrome?
    10. What is Turner’s syndrome? Give its causes and feature.
    11. Define crossing over.
    12. What is meant by G0 phase?
    13. How prophase of meiosis differ from that of mitosis?
    14. What is chiasmata?
    15. What is interphase? Why is it called resting phase?

    Chapter 22

    Important Short Questions

    1. Define euchromatin.
    2. What is cretinism?
    3. Describe gonorrhea.
    4. What is transformation?
    5. What is allele and gene and gene pool and gene frequency?
    6. What is over dominance and co-dominance?
    7. What is genetic drift? Genetic code. Fixed alleles.
    8. Name any four animals declared extinct in Pakistan.
    9. Define homozygous and heterozygous alleles.
    10. What is Epistasis? What is Bombay Phenotype? Dominance?
    11. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
    12. What is totipotency and totipotent cell?
    13. What is true breeding variety?
    14. What is meant by MODY?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Explain epistasis with an example of Bombay phenotype.
    2. Define and explain Mendel’s Law of segregation.
    3. What is incomplete dominance? Explain with an example.
    4. Explain the phenomenon of gene linkage regarding linkage groups.

    Chapter 23

    Important Short Questions

    1. Define biotechnology. Give its applications.
    2. Differentiate between molecular scissors and molecular vectors.
    3. Give two requirement to produce recombinant DNA.
    4. Explain and give examples of ex vivo and in vivo gene therapies in humans.
    5. What are transgenic plants?
    6. Give three possible ways to get the gene of interest.
    7. Give two goals of human genome project.
    8. What is probe? Give its uses.
    9. Define genomic library.

    Important Short Questions

    Chapter 24

    1. How artificial selection is different from natural selection.
    2. State theory of special creation.
    3. Name any four animals declared extinct in Pakistan.
    4. Define neo Darwinism/modern synthesis?
    5. Define population genetics.
    6. What are hydrothermal vents? How do they support life?
    7. What are vestigial organs? Name some important vestigial organs of man.
    8. Define fossils? How do they provide evidence of evolution?
    9. What are endangered and threatened species? Give some examples.
    10. What is Hardy-Weinberg theorem? Give its equation.
    11. Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs.
    12. State endosymbiont hypothesis.

    Important Long Questions

    1. Discuss evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.
    2. Describe the evidences of evolution various branches of biology like biogeography and fossil study.
    3. Explain Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

    Chapter 25

    Important Short Questions

    1. Write down the types of living organisms found in limnetic zone. (its life) (2)
    2. Differentiate between climate and weather. (3)
    3. Define renewable and non renewable resources. (5)
    4. Define ecosystem, biosphere and biome.
    5. Differentiate between population and community with examples.
    6. Differentiate between synecology and autecology.
    7. What is predation? Give its significance.
    8. Define parasitism and commensalism.
    9. Define food chain and food web.
    10. Differentiate between habitat and niche.
    11. Differentiate between consumers and decomposers.
    12. Differentiate between hydrosere and xerosere.
    13. Differentiate between primary succession and secondary succession.

    Important long questions

    1. Write a note on nitrogen cycle.
    2. Explain the biotic components of an ecosystem.
    3. Explain xerosere succession stages.
    4. Explain the flow of energy in a food chain.

    Chapter 27

    Important Short Questions

    1. Define deforestation and afforestation.
    2. What is the ozone layer? Give its important function in the environment.
    3. Define water pollution and acid rain.
    4. Write a brief note on non-renewable energy resources.
    5. Explain the causes and effects of ozone depletion.
    6. Give the main causes/sources of water pollution.
    7. What is solid waste? Give its importance.
    8. Define the greenhouse effect. Give its effects on the environment.
    9. Trees as environmental buffers.

    Important long questions

    1. Describe deforestation and its effects.
    2. Write a note on: a)ozone depletion b)greenhouse effect
    3. Explain the importance of forests/trees
    4. Briefly explain the causes and effects of air pollution.

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    2nd year Physics Important Questions 2024 Punjab Board

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    Lesson Waves

    1. Write the formula for speed of sound in solids and gases.
    2. What does a wave represent ?
    3. Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves.
    4. What are the parameters used to describe a progressive harmonic wave ?
    5. What is the principle of superposition of waves ? .
    6. Under what conditions will a wave be reflected ?
    7. What is the phase difference between the incident and reflected waves when the wave is reflected by a rigid boundary ?
    8. What is a stationary or standing wave ?
    9. What do you understand by the terms node’ and ‘antinode’ ?
    10. What is the distance between a node and an antinode in a stationary wave ?
    11. What do you understand by ‘natural frequency’ or ‘normal mode of vibration’ ?
    12. What are harmonics ?
    13. A string is stretched between two rigid supports. What frequencies of vibration are possible in such a string ?
    14. If the air column in a long tube, closed at one end, is set in vibration, what harmonics are possible in the vibrating air column ?
    15. If the air column in a tube, open at both ends, is set in vibration; what harmonics are possible ?

    Long Questions

    1. What are transverse waves ? Give illustrative examples of such waves.
    2. What are longitudinal waves ? Give illustrative example of such waves.
    3. What are ‘beats’ ? When do they occur ? Explain their use, if any.
    4. What is ‘Doppler effect’ ? Give illustrative examples.
    5. Explain the formation of stationary waves in stretched strings and hence deduce the laws of transverse wave in stretched strings.
    6. Explain the formation of stationary waves in an air column enclosed in open pipe. Derive the equations for the frequencies of the harmonics produced.
    7. What is Doppler effect ? Obtain an expression for the apparent frequency of sound heard when the source is in motion with respect to an observer at rest.

    Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

    1. What is optical density and how is it different from mass density ?
    2. What are the laws of reflection through curved mirrors ?
    3. Define ‘power’ of a convex lens. What is its unit ?
    4. A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm is placed at a distance 35 cm from a wall. How far from the wall should an object be placed so that its real image is formed on the wall ?
    5. A concave mirror produces an image of a long vertical pin, placed 40cm from the mirror, at the position of the object. Find the focal length of the mirror.
    6. A small angled prism of 4° deviates a ray through 2.48°. Find the refractive index of the prism.
    7. What is ‘dispersion’? Which colour gets relatively more dispersed ?
    8. The focal length of a concave lens is 30 cm. Where should an object be placed so that its image is 1/10 of its size ?
    9. What is myopia ? How can it be corrected ?
    10. What is hypermetropia ? How can it be corrected ?
    11. Draw neat labelled ray diagram of simple microscope.
    12. Define focal length of a concave mirror. Prove that the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is double its focal length.
    13. Define critical angle. Explain total internal reflection using a neat diagram.
    14. Explain the formation of a mirage.
    15. Explain the formation of a rainbow.
    16. Why does the setting sun appear red ?
    17. With a neat labelled diagram explain the formation of image in a simple microscope.
    18. What is the position of the object for a simple microscope ? What is the maximum magnifi-cation of a simple microscope for a realistic focal length ?

    Long Questions

    1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a compound microscope and explain its working. Derive an expression for its magnification.
    2. Define Snell’s Law. Using a neat labelled diagram derive an expression for the refractive index of the material of an equilateral prism.
    3. A ray of light, after passing through a medium, meets the surface separating the medium from air at an angle of 45° and is just not refracted. What is the refractive index of the medium ?
    4. Suppose that the lower half of the concave mirror’s reflecting surface in figure is covered with an opaque (non- reflective) material. What effect will this have on the image of an object p’ iced in front of the mirror ?
    5. A mobile phone lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror, as shown in Fig. Show by suitable diagram, the formation of its image. Explain why the magnification is not uniform. Will the distortion of image depend on the location of the phone with respect to the mirror ?

    Lesson Wave Optics

    1. Explain Doppler effect in light. Distinguish between red shift and blue shift.
    2. Derive the expression for the intensity at a point where interference of light occurs. Arrive at the conditions for maximum and zero intensity.
    3. Does the principle of conservation of energy hold for interference and diffraction phenomena? Explain briefly.
    4. Explain polarisation of light by reflection and arrive at Brewster’s law from it.
    5. Discuss the intensity of transmitted light when a polaroid sheet is rotated between two crossed polaroids.

    Long Questions

    1. Distinguish between Coherent and Incoherent addition of waves. Develop the theory of constructive interferences.
    2. Describe Young’s experiment for observing interference and hence arrive at the expression for ‘fringe width’.
    3. What speed should a galaxy move with respect to us so that the sodium line at 589.0 nm is observed at 589.6 nm ? .
    4. Unpolarised light is incident on a plane glass surface. What should be the angle of the incidence so that the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other ?
    5. What is the Brewster angle for air to glass transition ?
    6. In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is λ, is K units. What is the intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/3 ?

    Electric Charges and Fields

    1. What is meant by the statement ‘charge is quantized’?
    2. Repulsion is the sure test of charging than attraction. Why ?
    3. How many electrons constitute 1 C of charge ?
    4. What happens to the weight of a body when it is charged positively ?
    5. What happens to the force between two charges if the distance between them is
    6. Consider two charges + q and -q placed at B and C of an equilateral triangle ABC. For this system, the total charge is zero. But the electric field (intensity) at A which is equidistant from B and C is not zero. Why ?
    7. Electrostatic field lines of force do not form closed loops. If they form closed loops then the work done in moving a charge along a closed path will not be zero. From the above two statements can you guess the nature of electrostatic force ?
    8. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. [IPE 2015 (TS)]
    9. When is the electric flux negative and when is it positive ?
    10. Write the expression for electric intensity due to an infinite long charged wire at a distance radial distance r from the wire.
    11. Write the expression for electric intensity due to an infinite plane sheet of charge.
    12. Write the expression for electric intensity due to a charged conducting spherical shell at points outside and inside the shell.
    13. A proton and an α-particle are released in a uniform electric field. Find the ratio of (a) forces experienced by them (b) accelerations gained by each.
    14. A hollow sphere of radius ‘r’ has a unifrom charge density ‘σ’. It is kept in a cube of edge 3r such that the center of the cube coincides with the center of the shell. Calculate the electric flux that comes out of a face of the cube.
    15. Consider a uniform electric field AP Inter 2nd Year Physics Important Questions Chapter 4 Electric Charges and Fields 1. What is the flux of this field through a square of 10 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the YZ plane ?
    16. State and explain Coulomb’s inverse square law in electricity.
    17. Derive an expression for the intensity of the electric field at a point on the axial line of an electric dipole.
    18. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics and explain its importance.

    Long Questions

    1. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Applying Gauss’s law derive the expression for electric intensity due to an infinite plane sheet of charge.
    2. How can you charge a metal sphere positively without touching it ?
    3. If 109 electrons move out of a body to another body every second, how much time is required to get a total charge of 1 C on the other body? .
    4. How much positive and negative charge is there in a cup of.water ?
    5. Consider the charges q, q and -q placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle, as shown in Fig. What is the force on each charge ?
    6. Two charges 10 μC are placed 5.0 mm apart. Determine the electric field at (a) a point P on the axis of the dipole 15 cm away from its centre O on the side of the positive charge, as shown in Fig. (a) and (b) a point Q, 15 cm away from O on a line passing through O and normal to the axis of the dipole, as shown in Fig.

    Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

    1. Derive an expression for the electric potential due to a point charge.
    2. Derive an expression for the electrostatic potential energy of a system of two point charges and find its relation with electric potential of a charge.
    3. Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field.
    4. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
    5. Explain the behaviour of dielectrics in an external field.
    6. Define electric potential. Derive an expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole and hence the electric potential at a point (a) the axial line of electric dipole (b) on the equatorial line of electric dipole.
    7. What is series combination of capacitors. Derive the formula for equivalent capacitance in series combination.
    8. What is parallel combination of capacitors. Derive the formula for equivalent capacitance in parallel combination.
    9. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor.
    10. What is the energy stored when the space between the plates is filled with dielectric.
    11. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as the plates of a parallel plate capacitor but has a thickness (3/4)d, where d is the separation of the plates. How is the capacitance changed when die slab is inserted between the plates ?

    Long Questions

    1. Four charges are arranged at the comets of a square ABCD of side d. as shown in fig. 5.15.(a) Find the work required to put together this arrangement, (b) A charge q0 is brought to the centre of the square, the four charges being held fixed at its comers. How much extra work is needed to do this ?
    2. How much work is required to separate the two charges infinitely away from each other ?
    3. A molecule of a substance has a perma-nent electric dipole moment of magnitude 10-29C m. A mole of this substance is polarised (at low temperature) by applying a strong electrostatic field of magnitude 106 V m-1. The direction of the field is suddenly changed by an angle of 60°. Estimate the heat released by the substance in aligning its dipoles along the new direction of the field. For simplicity, assume 100% polarisation of the sample.
    4. A comb run through one’s dry hair attracts small bits of paper. Why ? What happens if the hair is wet or if it is a rainy day ? (Remember, a paper does not conduct electricity.)
    5. Ordinary rubber is an insulator. But special rubber types of aircraft are made slightly conducting. Why is this necessary ?
    6. Vehicles carrying inflammable materials usually have metallic ropes touching the ground during motion. Why?
    7. To enable them to conduct charge (produced by friction) to the ground; as too much of static electricity accumulated may result in spark and result in fire.

    Current Electricity

    1. Derive an expression for the effective resistance when three resistors are connected in (i) series (ii) parallel.
    2. On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend ? Define electric resistance and write its S.I unit. How does the resistance of a conductor vary if (a) Conductor is stretched to 4 times of its length (b) Temperature of conductor is increased ?

    Long Questions

    1. State Kirchhoffs law for an electrical network. Using th&se laws deduce the condition for balance in a Wheatstone bridge.
    2. State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram how the emf of two primary cells are compared by using the potentiometer. [A.P. Mar. 16]
    3. State the working principle of potentiometer. Explain with the help of circuit diagram how the potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of the given primary cell. [A.P. & T.S. Mar. 17, 15]
    4. Under what condition is the heat produced in an electric circuit a)directly proportional b) inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit ? Compute the ratio of the total quantity of heat produced in the two cases.
    5. A 10Ω thick wire is stretched so that its length becomes three times. Assuming that there is no change in its density on stretching, calculate the resistance of the stretched wire.
    6. A wire of resistance 4R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the effective resistance between the ends of the diameter ?
    7. Three resistors 3Ω, 6Ω and 9Ω are connected to a battery. In which of them will the power of dissipation be maximum if:
    8. A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1Ω at 27.5°C and a resistance of 2.7Ω at 100°C. Determine the temperature coeff. of resistivity of silver.

    Moving Charges and Magnetism

    1. What is the importance of Oersted’s experiment ?
    2. State Ampere’s law and Biot-Savart’s law.
    3. Write the expression for the magnetic induction at any point on the axis of a circular current-carrying coil. Hence, obtain an expression for the magnetic induction at the centre of the circular coil.
    4. A circular coil of radius T having N turns carries a current “i”. What is its magnetic moment ?
    5. What is the force on a conductor of length L carrying a current “i” placed in a magnetic field of induction B ? When does it become maximum ?
    6. What is the force on a charged particle of charge “q” moving with a velocity “v” in a uniform magnetic field of induction B ? When does it become maximum ?
    7. Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter.
    8. What is the principle of a moving coil galvanometer ?
    9. What is the smallest value of current that can be measured with a moving coil galvanometer ?
    10. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into an ammeter ?
    11. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into a voltmeter ?
    12. What is the relation between the permittivity of free space e0, the permeability of free space m0 and the speed of light In vaccum?
    13. A current carrying circular loop lies on a smooth horizontal plane. Can a uniform magnetic Held be set up in such a manner that the loop turns about the vertical axis ?
    14. A wire loop of irregular shape carrying current is placed in an external magnetic field. If the wire is flexible, what shape will the loop change to ? Why ?

    long Questions

    1. State and explain Biot-Savart’s law.
    2. State and explain Ampere’s law.
    3. Find the magnetic induction due to a long current carrying conductor.
    4. Derive an expression for the magnetic induction of a point on the axis of a current carrying circular coil using Biot-Savart’s law.
    5. Explain how crossed E and B fields serve as a velocity selector.
    6. What are the basic components of a cyclotron ? Mention its uses ?
    7. Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
    8. Deduce an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. Derive an expression for the force per unit length between two parallel current-carrying conductors.
    9. Obtain an expression for the torque on a current carrying loop placed in a uniform ‘ magnetic field. Describe the construction and working of a moving coil galvanometer.
    10. How can a galvanometer be converted to an ammeter ? Why is the parallel resistance smaller that the galvanometer resistance ? A moving coil galvanometer can measure a current of 10-6 A. What is the resistance of the shunt required if it is to measure 1A ?
    11. How can a galvanometer be converted to a voltmeter ? Why is the series resistance greater that the galvanometer resistance ? A moving coil galvanometer of resistance 5Ω can measure a current of 15mA. What is the series resistance required if it is to measure 1.5V ?

    Magnetism and Matter

    1. A magnetic dipole placed in a magnetic field experiences a net force. What can you say about the nature of the magnetic field ?
    2. Do you find two magnetic field lines intersecting ? Why ?
    3. What happens to the compass needles at the Earth’s poles ?
    4. What do you understand by the ‘magnetisation’ of a sample ? Give its SI unit.
    5. What is the magnetic moment associated with a solenoid ?
    6. What are the units of magnetic moment, magnetic induction and magnetic field ?
    7. Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops. Why ?
    8. Define magnetic declination.
    9. Define magnetic inclination or angle of dip.
    10. Classify the following materials with regard to magnetism: Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Bismuth, Oxygen, Copper.
    11. The force between two magnet poles separated by a distance ‘d’ in air is ‘F’. At what distance between them does the force become doubled ?
    12. If B is the magnetic field produced at the centre of a circular coil of one turn of length L carrying current I then what is the magnetic field at the centre of the same coil which is made into 10 turns ?
    13. If the number of turns of a solenoid is doubled, keeping the other factors constant, how does the magnetic field at the axis of the solenoid change ?
    14. A closely wound solenoid of 800 turns and area of cross section 2.5 × 10-4 m2 carries a current of 3.0A. Explain the sense in which the solenoid acts like a bar magnet. What is its associated magnetic moment ?
    15. Compare the properties of para, dia and ferromagnetic substances.
    16. Explain the elements of the Earth’s magnetic field and draw a sketch showing the relationship between the vertical component, horizontal component and angle of dip.
    17. Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements one having positive susceptibility and other having negative susceptibility.
    18. Derive an expression for magnetic field induction on the equatorial line of a barmagnet. [Board Model Paper]
    19. What do you understand by “hysteresis” ? How does this propertry influence the choice of materials used in different appliances where electromagnets are used ?
    20. Prove that a bar magnet and a solenoid produce similar fields.
    21. A small magnetic needle is set into oscillations in a magnetic field B obtain an expression for the time period of oscillation.
    22. A bar magnet, held horizontally, is set into angular oscillations in the Earth’s magnetic field. It has time periods T1 and T2 at two places, where the angles of dip are θ1 and θ2 respectively. Deduce an expression for the ratio of the resultant magnetic fields at the two places.

    Long Questions

    1. A coil of 20 turns has an area of 800 mm2 and carries a current of 0.5A. If it is placed in a magnetic field of intensity 0.3T with its plane parallel to the field, what is the torque that it experiences ? ,
    2. In the Bohr atom model the electrons move around the nucleus in circular orbits. Obtain an expression the magnetic moment (p) of the electron in a Hydrogen atom in terms of its angular momentum L.
    3. A bar magnet of length 0.1m and with a magnetic moment of 5Am2 is placed in a uniform a magnetic field of intensity 0.4T, with its axis making an angle of 60° with the field. What is the torque on the magnet ?
    4. A solenoid of length 22.5 cm has a total of 900 turns and carries a current of 0.8 A. What is the magnetising field H near the centre and far away from the ends of the solenoid ?
    5. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at a certain place is 2.6 × 10-5T and the angle of dip is 60°. What is the magnetic field of the earth at this location ?
    6. In the magnetic meridian of a certain place, the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field is 0.26 G and the dip angle is 60°. What is the magnetic field of the earth at this location ?
    7. What is the magnitude of the equatorial and axial fields due to a bar magnet of length 8.0 cm at a distance of 50 cm from its mid-point ? The magnetic moment of the bar magnet is 0.40 A m2.
    8. The earth’s magnetic field at the equator is approximately 0.4 G. Estimate the earth’s dipole moment. .

    Electromagnetic Induction

    1. What did the experiments of Faraday and Henry show ?
    2. Define magnetic flux.
    3. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
    4. State Lenz’s law.
    5. What happens to the mechanical energy (of motion) when a conductor is moved in a uniform magnetic field ?
    6. What are Eddy currents ?
    7. Define ‘inductance’.
    8. What do you understand by ‘self inductance’ ?
    9. Obtain an expression for the emf induced across a conductor which is moved in a uniform magnetic field which is perpendicular to the plane of motion.
    10. Describe the ways in which Eddy currents are used to advantage.
    11. Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids.

    Long Questions

    1. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane normal to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field HE at a place. If HE = 0.4 G at the place, what is the induced emf between the axle and the rim of the wheel ? (Note that 1 G = 10-4 T.)
    2. Number of turns in a coil are 100. When a current of 5A is flowing through the coil, the magnetic flux is 10-6Wb. Find the self induction. [Board Model Paper]
    3. Current in a circuit falls from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 0.1 s. If an average emf of 200 V is induced, give an estimate of the self-inductance of the circuit. [Mar. 16 (T.S.) Mar. 14]
    4. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil ? [T.S. Mar. 17]
    5. A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/K What is the voltage difference developed between the ends of the wing having a span of 25 m, if the Earth’s magnetic field at the location has a magnitude of 5 × 10-4 T and the dip angle is 30°.

    Alternating Current

    1. A transformer converts 200 V ac into 2000 V ac. Calculate the number of turns in the ‘ secondary if the primary has 10 turns.
    2. What type of transformer is used in a 6V bed lamp ?
    3. What is the phenomenon involved in the working of a transformer ?
    4. What is transformer ratio ?
    5. Write the expression for the reactance of i) an inductor and (ii) a capacitor.
    6. What is the phase difference between A.C emf and current in the following: Pure resistor, pure inductor and pure capacitor.
    7. Define power factor. On which factors does power factor depend ?
    8. What is meant by wattless component of current ?
    9. When does a LCR series circuit have minimum impedance ?
    10. What is the phase difference between voltage and current when the power factor in LCR series circuit is unity ?

    Long Questions

    1. State the principle on which a transformer works. Describe the working of a transformer with necessary theory.
    2. A light bulb is rated at 100W for a 220 V supply. Find
    3. A pure inductor of 25.0 mH is connected to a source of 220 V. Find the inductive reactance and rms current in the circuit if the frequency of the source is 50 Hz.
    4. The instantaneous current and instantaneous voltage across a series circuit containing resistance and inductance are given by i =
    5. What is step up transformer ? How it differs from step down transformer ?
    6. A pure inductor of 25.0 mH is connected to a source of 220 V. Find the inductive reactance and rms current in the circuit if the frequency of the source is 50 Hz.

    Electromagnetic Waves

    1. Give any one use of infrared rays.
    2. How are infrared rays produced ? How they can be detected ?
    3. How are radio waves produced ? How can they detected ?
    4. If the wave length of E.M radiation is doubled, what happens to the energy of photon ?
    5. What is the principle of production of electromagnetic waves ?
    6. What is the ratio of speed of infrared rays and ultraviolet rays in vaccum ?
    7. What is the relation between the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields in free space for an electromagnetic wave ?
    8. What are the applications of microwaves ?
    9. Microwaves are used in Radars, why ?
    10. Give two uses of infrared rays.
    11. How are microwaves produced ? How can they detected ?
    12. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.6 A. What is the displacement current across its plates ?
    13. What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of wavelength 10-10m, red light of wavelength 6800 Å and radiowaves of wavelength 500in ?

    Long Questions

    1. State six characteristics of electromagnetic waves.
    2. What is Greenhouse effect and its contribution towards the surface temperature of earth ?
    3. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vaccum along z-direction. What can you say about the directions of its electric and magnetic field vectors ? If the frequency of the wave is 30 MHz. What is its wavelength ?
    4. A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position with a frequency of 109 Hz. What is the frequency of the electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator ?
    5. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in free space along the x – direction. At a particular point in space and time, E =

    Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

    1. What are “cathode rays” ?
    2. What important fact did Millikan’s experiment establish?
    3. What is “work function” ?
    4. What is “photoelectric effect” ?
    5. Give examples of “photosensitive substances”. Why are they called so ?
    6. Write down Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
    7. Write down de-Broglie’s relation and explain the terms therein.
    8. State Heisenberg’s Uncertainity Principle. [Mar. 14]
    9. The photoelectric cut off voltage in a certain experiment is 1.5 V. What is the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted ?
    10. An electron, an α-particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which of these particles has the shortest de Broglie wavelength ?

    Long Questions

    1. Calculate the (a) momentum and (b) dE-Brogile wavelength of the electrons accelerated through a potential difference of 56 V.
    2. Describe an experiment to study the effect of frequency of incident radiation on ‘stopping potential’.
    3. What is the deBroglie wavelength of a ball of mass 0.12 Kg moving with a speed of 20 ms-1? What can we infer from this result ?
    4. What is the effect of (i) intensity of light (ii) potential on photoelectric current ?
    5. How did Einstein’s photoelectric equation explain the effect of intensity and potential on photoelectric current ? How did this equation account for the effect of frequency of ‘ incident light on stopping potential ?

    Atoms

    1. What is the physical meaning of negative energy of an electron’ ?
    2. Sharp lines are present in the spectrum of a gas. What does this indicate ?
    3. Name a physical quantity whose dimensions are the same as those of angular momentum.
    4. What is the difference between α – particle and helium atom ?
    5. Among alpha, beta and gamma radiations, which get affected by the electric field ?
    6. What do you understand by the phrase ground state atom ?
    7. Why does the mass of the nucleus not have any significance in scattering in Rutherford’s experiment ?
    8. The Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum lies in the ultraviolet region. Why ?
    9. Write down a table giving longest and shortest wavelengths of different spectral series.
    10. Give two drawbacks of Rutherford’s atomic model.
    11. If the kinetic energy of revolving electron in an orbit is K, what is its potential energy and total energy ?

    Long Questions

    1. What is impact parameter and angle of scattering ? How are they related to each other ?
    2. Explain the distance of closest approach and impact parameter.
    3. Describe Rutherford atom model. What are the draw backs of this model ?
    4. Write a short note on Debroglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantization.

    Nuclei

    1. The half life of 58Co is 72 days. Calculate Its average life.
    2. Why do all electrons emitted during p-decay not have the same energy?
    3. Neutrons are the best projectiles to produce nuclear reactions. Why ?
    4. Neutrons cannot produce ionization. Why ?
    5. What are delayed neutrons ?
    6. What are thermal neutrons ? What is their importance ?
    7. What is the value of neutron multiplication factor in a controlled reaction and in an uncontrolled chain reaction ?
    8. What is the role of controlling rods in a nuclear reactor ?
    9. Why are nuclear fusion reactions called thermo nuclear reactions ?
    10. Define Becquerel and Curie.

    Long Questions

    1. Write a short note on the discovery of neutron.
    2. What are nuclear forces ? Write their properties.
    3. Define half life period and decay constant for a radioactive substance. Deduce the relation between them.
    4. What is nuclear fission ? Give an example to illustrate it.
    5. What is nuclear fusion ? Write the conditions for nuclear fusion to occur.

    Semiconductor Electronics: Material, Devices and Simple Circuits

    1. What is an n-type semiconductor ? What are the majority and minority charge carriers in it ?
    2. What are intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors ?
    3. What is a p-type semiconductor ? What are the majority and minority charge carriers in it ?
    4. What is a p-n junction diode ? Define depletion’ layer.
    5. How is a battery connected to a junction diode in i) forward and ii) reverse bias ?
    6. What is the maximum percentage of rectification in half wave and full wave rectifiers ?
    7. What is Zener voltage (Vz) and how will a Zener diode be connected in circuits generally ?
    8. Write the expressions for the efficiency of a full wave rectifier and a half wave rectifier.
    9. What happens to the width of the depletion layer in a p-n junction diode when it is
    10. Draw the circuit symbols for p-n-p and n-p-n transistors.
    11. Define amplifier and amplification factor.
    12. In which bias can a Zener diode be used as voltage regulator ?
    13. Which gates are called universal gates ?
    14. Write the truth table of NAND gate. How does it differ from AND gate ?

    Long Questions

    1. What is a rectifier ? Explain the working of half wave and full Wave rectifiers with diagrams.
    2. What is a junction diode ? Explain the formation of depletion region at the junction. Explain the variation of depletion region in forward and reverse-biased condition.
    3. What is a Zener diode ? Explain how it is used as a voltage regulator.
    4. Explain the working of LED and what are its advantages over conventional incandescent low power lamps.
    5. Define NAND and NOR gates. Give their truth tables.
    6. Explain the working of a solar cell and draw its I-V characteristics.

    Download PDf Format

    Using this estimation paper pdf will help you to understand what kind of questions might be asked and how to conduct your paper. This is my guess based on the recent syllabus of class 12th and all the past papers and exams in the last ten years.

    Physics Estimation Paper 2024 Class 12th PDF Download

    As a 12th grader, Physics is an important and compulsory subject for you. Physics science is a practical subject, and that is why it is considered a tough  12th class Physics to get high score in exam. This assessment paper is based on the new class 12h Physics syllabus.

    Our team has created this assessment paper in PDF format on student interest. 12th class Physics paper seems to be easy for any student to pass. You can understand the nature of the paper by reviewing the 12th grade Physics estimation paper. We have also uploaded the 12th grade Physics matching program. You can download and prepare them to get high score in board exams. The schedule link is given below or you can search on our website. Please let us know if you find any errors.

  • 2nd year Chemistry Important Questions

    2nd year Chemistry Important Questions 2024 Punjab Board

    You are trying to get 12th class Chemistry  estimation paper 2024 in urdu and Chemistry  medium then you are on right website. We have uploaded the best quality estimate paper of class 12th Chemistry s in both media.  Our useful Chemistry  12th class estimation paper is valid for all Punjab boards. including BISE Faisalabad, BISE Lahore, BISE Gujranwala, BISE Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), BISE Sargodha, BISE Sahiwal, BISE Multan and BISE Jammu Kashmir. Many students practice Chemistry  Important Question  2024 by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good grades in the exam.

    Chapter # 12

    1. Describe one method each for the preparation of ethane and ethyne. How would you establish that benzene is a polymer of acetylene?
    2. Or
    3. Starting from ethane, outline the reactions for preparation of the following compounds
    1. Ethylene dibromoethane
    2. Ethyne
    3. Ethane
    4. Ethylene glycol
    5. Formaldehyde

    Chapter # 13

    1. Write three methods of preparation of benzene
    2. Describe the structure of benzene on the basis of resonance methods
    3. Explain the structure of benzene in the light of atomic orbital treatment

    Chapter # 14

    1. Define the following with example:
    1. Coordination number
    2. Coordination sphere
    3. Ligands
    4. Chelates

    Chapter # 15

    1. What are SN reactions? Differentiate between SN1 and SN2 reactions Or
    2. Write a note on SN2 reaction

    Chapter # 16

    1. Convert the following:
    2. Propyne into acetone
    3. Ethyne into oxalic acid
    4. Acetic acid into methane
    5. 1-propanoline 1-chloro
    6. 2-propanol
    7. Propene into 2-bromopropane
    8. Ethane into ethyne

    Chapter # 17

    1. Explain reforming of petroleum with the help of suitable example

    Chapter # 18

    1. Define Friedel Crafts reactions. Give mechanism with an example of Friedel-Craft’s acylation reaction
    2. Describe the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene with mechanism
    3. Write a note on Friedel-Craft’s reaction

    Chapter # 19

    1. How steel can be manufactured by Bessemer’s process?
    2. Explain Bessemer’s process?
    3. What is the difference between wrought iron and steel?
    4. Explain Bessemer’s process for preparation of steel
    5. Explain open hearth process for the manufacture of steel

    Chapter # 20

    1. Discuss acid rain. How does it affect our environment?

    Chapter # 21

    1. Write down the mechanism of the reaction between acetic and ethanol Or
    2. Write down the mechanism of conversion of acetic acid to
    1. Acetyl chloride
    2. Acetamide

    Chapter # 22

    1. What do you mean by Smog? Discuss its types and give conditions for formation of smog Or
    2. What is smog? Give condition for the formation of a smog

    Chapter # 23

    1. Discuss various periods in the modern periodic table
    2. Discuss the position of hydrogen in group IV-A of periodic table
    3. Justify position of hydrogen at the top of group IA and VIIA in the periodic table

    Chapter # 24

    1. What products are formed when the following compounds are treated with ethyl magnesium bromide, followed by hydrolysis in the presence of an acid?
    1. HCHO
    2. CH3CHO
    3. (CH3)2CO
    4. C/CN
      Write methods for purification of water; explain the process of disinfection of water by chlorine

    Chapter # 26

    1. What is Grignard reagent? And how it can be prepared?
    2. Explain structure and reactivity and give reaction of Grignard reagent?

    Chapter # 27

    1. Define cement? Give its compounds and how it can be manufactured

    Download PDf Format

    Using this estimation paper pdf will help you to understand what kind of questions might be asked and how to conduct your paper. This is my guess based on the recent syllabus of class 12th and all the past papers and exams in the last ten years.

    Chemistry  Estimation Paper 2024 Class 12th PDF Download

    As a 12th grader, Chemistry  is an important and compulsory subject for you. Chemistry  science is a practical subject, and that is why it is considered a tough  12th class Chemistry  to get high score in exam. This assessment paper is based on the new class 12h Chemistry  syllabus.

    Our team has created this assessment paper in PDF format on student interest. 12th class Chemistry  paper seems to be easy for any student to pass. You can understand the nature of the paper by reviewing the 12th grade Chemistry  estimation paper. We have also uploaded the 12th grade Chemistry  matching program. You can download and prepare them to get high score in board exams. The schedule link is given below or you can search on our website. Please let us know if you find any errors.

  • 2nd year Mr. Chip Important Questions

    2nd year Mr. Chip Important Questions 2024 Punjab Board

    You are trying to get 12th class Mr. Chip estimation paper 2024 in urdu and Mr. Chip medium then you are on right website. We have uploaded the best quality estimate paper of class 12th Mr. Chips in both media.  Our useful Mr. Chip 12th class estimation paper is valid for all Punjab boards. including BISE Faisalabad, BISE Lahore, BISE Gujranwala, BISE Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), BISE Sargodha, BISE Sahiwal, BISE Multan and BISE Jammu Kashmir. Many students practice Mr. Chip Important Question  2024 by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good grades in the exam.

    Mr. Chips Chapter 1

    Q.1. Who is the writer of the novel,” Good Bye Mr. Chips”?
    Q.2. What was the real name of Mr. Chips?
    Q.3. When was Mr. Chips born?
    Q.4. Where did Mr, Chips live after his retirement?
    Q.5. How did Mr. Chips measure his time when he was living at Mrs. Wickett’s house?
    Q.6. What did Mr. Chips use to do in his old age?
    Q.7. What did Mr. Chips do before going to bed?
    Q.8. Who was Dr. Merivale?
    Q9. What did he say about Chips’ health? what did he advise her when Mr. Chips caught a cold?
    Q.10. Who made a century when Chips came for an interview?
    Q.11. When and why did he join Brookfield?
    Q.12. Briefly explain his preliminary interview with Mr.Wetherby?
    Q.13. What advice did Mr. Wetherby give to Mr. Chips? What kind of person Wetherby was?
    Q.14. Who was the first boy punished by Mr. Chips at Brookfield?
    Q.15. What did Mr. Chips say to the son of Mr. Colley?
    Q.16. What did Mr. Chips say to the third Colley?
    Q.17. What was the fashion adopted by Mr. Chips during his youth days?

    Mr. Chips Chapter 2

    Q.1. What was the history of Brookfield Grammar School?
    Q.2. What kind of people and professionals did Brookfield supply?
    Q.3. What were the qualifications of Mr. Chips?
    Q.4. What was presented to Chips on his retirement?
    Q.5. “A decent career decently closed” Explain.
    Q.6. What were Chip’s ambitions when he joined Brookfield?
    Q.7. What was the status of Brookfield School?
    Q.8. Write a note on Brookfield village.
    Q.9. Write a note on Brookfield Public School.
    Q.11. How a football match was made possible at the Brookfield?
    Q.12. Narrate the activities of Mr. Chips after his retirement?

    Mr. Chips Chapter 3

    Q.1. How was the room Mrs. Wickett let to Chips? OR How was Mr. Chips’ room decorated at Mrs. Wicketts? OR Describe Mrs. Wickett’s house.
    Q.2. What would Mr. Chips do during mild afternoons while at Mrs. Wickett’s?
    Q.3. How did Mr. Chips entertain his students at Mrs. Wickett’s house? OR How did Chips meet the newcomers?
    Q.4. What would Chips ask the new boys who came to see him?
    Q.5. What did the boys comment after tea with Chips?
    Q.6. What did Branksome tell Mr. Chips?
    Q.7. What did Mr. Chips tell Mrs. Wickett about Major Collingwood?
    Q.8. Who was Mrs. Wicket and what were here service for Brookfield and Mr. Chips?
    Q.9. What was the financial condition of Mr. Chips after retirement?
    Q.10. What kind of books did Mr. Chips have in his room? OR What kind of books did Chips read?
    Q.11. What were Chips’ views about Latin and Greek?
    Q.12. What was the misconception about Mr. Chips’ marital status?
    Q.13. Who was Major Collingwood?
    Q.14. Why did Mr. Chips choose to live at Mrs. Wickett’s? OR Why did Mr. Chips live at Mrs. Wickett’s house after retirement?

    Mr. Chips Chapter 4

    Q.1. What thing did stir Mr. Chips’ memories?
    Q.2. When was Chips appointed housemaster?
    Q.3. Who went with Mr. Chips to the Lake District?
    Q.4. How much time did Mr. Chips and Rowden spend together in the Lake District?
    Q.5. Where did Mr. Chips stay in the Lake District?
    Q.6. How did Mr. chips meet Katherine for the first time? OR Describe the 1st meeting of Mr. Chips and Katherine.
    Q.7. How did Chips feel in the company of women?
    Q.8. Why did Chips not like Bernard Shaw and Ibsen and bicycling? OR What were Chips’ views about modern women?
    Q.9. What notion did Chips have about women? OR What were the views of chips about women?
    Q.10. Give a physical description of Katherine Bridges. How did Katherine look? OR Write a note on Katherine bridges.
    Q.11. Why did Katherine visit Chips on her bicycle?
    Q.12. What did Chips think when Katherine visited him alone?
    Q.13. What was the profession of Katherine?
    Q.14. Why did Chips not contradict Katherine’s political views when she expressed them to him?
    Q.15. How did Katherine begin to like Chips?
    Q.16. What were the political views of Mr. Chips?
    Q.17. What was the most interesting event in the Novel?
    Q.18. What were Katherine’s views about middle-aged men before meeting Chips?
    Q.19. What kind of political views did Katherine have?
    Q.20. Why was the spring of 1896 important / special for Chips? OR Why did Mr. Chips remember Spring 1896?

    Mr. Chip’s chapter 5

    Q.1. What was Katherine’s views about Chips’ profession?
    Q.2. Whee was Katherine married?
    Q.3. What did Katherine say to Chips on the night before their wedding?
    Q.4. How did Chips depreciate himself before his marriage?
    Q.5. What different scenes did Mr. Chips remember on the eve of his wedding? Describe Chips’ marriage.
    Q.6. What were Katherine’s views about Chips profession? OR Was Katherine happy with Chips being a teacher?

    Mr. Chip’s Chapter 6

    Q.1. What is your analysis of Chips’ marriage to Katherine? OR Was Chips’ marriage successful or not? OR Write a few lines about Mr. Chips’ married life.
    Q.2. How did the wives of the other masters feel at first about Katherine?
    Q.3. What kind of fellow was Mr. Chips before marriage?
    Q.4. What was Chips’ performance as a teacher before his marriage?
    Q.5. What changes did Katherine bring in Chips? OR What influence did Katherine exercise on Mr. Chips? OR Katherine made Mr. Chips a new man. Is it true?
    Q.6. Write a note on Chips’ humour.
    Q.7. What did Katherine do to make Chips see beyond the roofs and turrets of Brookfield?
    Q.8. What were the political ideas of Chips and how were they different from Katherine’s?
    Q.9. Which team lost the match between Brookfield and the Mission?
    Q.10. What did the Poplar boys take with them?
    Q.11. Who was old Gribble?
    Q.12. What do you know of the private?

    Mr. Chip’s Chapter 7

    Q.1. What different memories did Mr. Chips have of Katherine during a twilight at Mrs. Wickett?
    Q.2. What had Katherine always pleaded with Chips regarding the boys?
    Q.3. Who was Ogilvie?
    Q.4. How did Chips justify his strict discipline?
    Q.5. What kind of musician was Katherine?
    Q.6. How did Katherine influence Chips in improving his discipline?
    Q.7. What did Mr. Chips remember about Dunster and Ogilvie?
    Q.8. Why was the old fifth-form room called “the Pit”?
    Q.9. What did Wetherby comment about the Franco-Prussian War of 1870?
    Q.10. Why could Chips not write a book of his memories?

    Mr Chip’s chapter 8

    Q.1. When did Katherine and her new-born child die?
    Q.2. What did young Faulkner ask Chips on April 1, 1898?
    Q.3. Why did Chips not want to receive condolences?
    Q.4. What type of letters did Mr. Chips receive on 1st April 1998? OR What was the April foolery did Chips face?
    Q.5. When did Chips realize that the blank letters written to him were a piece of April foolery?
    Q.6. What do you know of Faulkner?
    Q.7. What were Chips’ feeling on his wife’s death?
    Q.8. Describe Katherine’s tragic death.

    Mr. Chip’s chapter 9

    Q.1. Where did Chips move after his wife’s death?
    Q.2. .How did Chips’ house mastership prove useful after the death of his wife?
    Q.3. What changes did the death of his wife bring in Chips?
    Q.4. How did Chips see the world of change and conflict?
    Q.5. What had Katherine left Chips with?
    Q.6. What were Chips’ views about the Boers?
    Q.7. What did Chips say to Lloyd George?
    Q.8. What sort of gown did Chips wear after the death of Katherine?
    Q.9. How would Chips take call-over near Big Hall?
    Q.10. Draw a character sketch of Naylor.

    Mr Chip’s chapter 10

    Q.1. Why did Chips become Acting Head of Brookfield?
    Q.2. Who succeeded Meldrum as Headmaster?
    Q.3. What did Mr. Ralston announce on a May morning?
    Q.4. What duty did Brookfield boys perform during the railway strike?
    Q.5. What did Chips remember about the Diamond Jubilee?
    Q.6. Whose father had sailed on the Titanic? What happened to him? OR What news about Grayson’s father came finally?
    Q.7. What did Chips think of England?
    Q.8. How did Queen Victoria look?
    Q.9. Why was Grayson preoccupied during the class?
    Q.10. What news did spread in the school about Grayson’s father?

    Mr. Chips chapter 11

    Q.1. What do you know of Mr. Ralston? OR What kind of person was Mr. Ralston?
    Q.2. What kind of relation did Chips have with Ralston?
    Q.3. What was Ralston’s urbane ultimatum to Chips?
    Q.4. What allegations did Ralston level against Chips? OR What was Ralston’s indictment of Chips?
    Q.5. How did Ralston defend his allegations against Chips?
    Q.6. What did Chips say when Ralston told him that he had not changed his Latin pronunciation?
    Q.7. What did Ralston say when Chips said that he would not change his Latin pronunciation?
    Q.8. What did Chips think at the end of the row with Ralston though he said no words?
    Q.9. Whom did Ralston meet in London and what did he tell them?
    Q.10. How did Chips regard the rich children whom Ralston brought to Brookfield?
    Q.11. Did Ralston know Brookfield and its traditions
    Q.12. How did people come to know about the quarrel between Ralston and Mr. Chips?
    Q.13. Was Ralston popular and respected in Brookfield? OR How much was Ralston popular and respected in Brookfield?
    Q.14. What was the reaction of the masters to the row between Ralston and Chips?
    Q.15. Who was Sir John Rivers, and why was he in favour of Chips? OR Why did John Rivers favour Chips?
    Q.16. What did John Rivers tell Chips about his retirement?
    Q.17. How and when was Mr. Chips made Acting Head for the first time?
    Q.18. What do you know of Meldrum?
    Q.19. What do you know of Grayson?
    Q.20. What led Ralston and Chips into a row? OR What were the causes of the row between Ralston and Chips?
    Q.21. Describe briefly Mr. Chips as a teacher.

    Mr. Chip’s chapter 12

    Q.1. When and why did Ralston leave Brookfield?
    Q.2. Who was the successor of Ralston and what kind of man was he?
    Q.3. What is the significance of the year 1913 in the life of Chips? OR What happened to Chips in 1913?
    Q.4. Describe the farewell speech of Mr. Chips. OR What did Chips say in his farewell speech?
    Q.5. How much time did Chips spend in Brookfield?
    Q.6. Write a character sketch of Chatteris.
    Q.7. Why did Mr. Chips decide to retire?
    Q.8. What happened in 1880 in Brookfield
    Q.9. What is German measles?
    Q.10. How did Chips describe John Rivers in his farewell speech?
    Q.11. Where did Chips go in 1913?
    Q.12. What were the activities of Chips after his retirement? OR How did Chips pass his retired life? OR Describe the activities of Mr. Chips after his retirement.

    Mr Chip’s Chapter 13

    Q.1. What happened to Brookfield during World War I?
    Q.2. What did Chatteris read out every Sunday night during the war?
    Q.3. What did Chips feel when Chatteris read out biographies of War heroes?
    Q.4. Draw a character sketch of Chatteris.
    Q.5. What do you know of Forrester?
    Q.6. What did Chatteris share with Chips regarding school staff?
    Q.7. What request did Chatteris make to Chips about helping him?
    Q.8. What was the contribution of Brookfield School during World War I?

    Mr chip’s chapter 14

    Q.1. What sort of jokes did Chips make during the war?
    Q.2. What is meant by Chips’ latest?
    Q.3. When did Chips become Acting Head of Brookfield for the second time?
    Q.4. Why did Chips not want to be the official Head of Brookfield?
    Q.5. What were Chips’ views about bayonet-practice?
    Q.6. Describe Chips’ routine on his joining Brookfield School as a teacher again.

    Mr Chip’s Chapter 15

    Q.1. What did Chips say to the students when a bomb fell quite near them?
    Q.2. What do you know of the shelling around Brookfield during the war?
    Q.3. What is the significance of November 11, 1918?
    Q.4. Why did the term ‘stink merchant’ create laughter in the class?
    Q.5. What happened to Chips on November 11, 1918?
    Q.6. How did Brookfield celebrate the end of the war?
    Q.7. Who was Maynard? What memories did Chips have about him?

    Mr. Chip’s Chapter 15

    Q.1. What did Chips say to the students when a bomb fell quite near them?
    Q.2. What do you know of the shelling around Brookfield during the war?
    Q.3. What is the significance of November 11, 1918?
    Q.4. Why did the term ‘stink merchant’ create laughter in the class?
    Q.5. What happened to Chips on November 11, 1918?
    Q.6. How did Brookfield celebrate the end of the war?
    Q.7. Who was Maynard? What memories did Chips have about him?

    Mr. Chips Chapter 16

    Q.1. Why could Mr. Chips not go abroad?
    Q.2. How did Chips feel in different seasons after his retirement?
    Q.3. Why did Chips like summer best?
    Q.4. Who was Gregson?
    Q.5. How did England stand in contrast with the rest of the world in the post-war decade?
    Q.6. What service did Brookfield boys render during the General Strike of 1926?
    Q.7. How did Chips earn the reputation of being a great jester?
    Q.8. Why did Chips not attend the Old Boys’ dinners in London after 1929?
    Q.9. How was Mr. Chips financially after his retirement? What was the financial status of Chips after his retirement?
    Q.10. What was Mr. Chips’ will? OR When did Chips make his will?
    Q.11. How did Chips criticize the government?
    Q.12. What was the joke about Wurlitzer?

    Mr. Chips Chapter 17

    Q.1. What did Chips’ doctor say to him on a foggy morning in 1933?
    Q.2. What were the two things Chips had never done in life?
    Q.3. What arrangements did Mrs. Wickett make for Mr. Chips before she went to visit her relatives?
    Q.4. How did Chips respond to Linford’s query ?
    Q.5. How did Chips help Linford overcome his fear?
    Q.6. What different matters did Chips discuss with Linford? OR Described briefly Linford’s meeting with Chips.
    Q.7. How did Chips feel after seeing off Linford?
    Q.8. What did Merivale envy about Mr. Chips?
    Q.9. Who was Linford?
    Q.10. What did Linford’s farewell meeting remind Chips of?

    Mr. Chips chapter 18

    Q.1. What did Chips see and say when he regained consciousness?
    Q.2. Why was Chips surprised after he regained consciousness?
    Q.3. What different scenes did Chips recall before his death?
    Q.4. How did Chips win the attention of others when he was on his deathbed?
    Q.5. Draw a character sketch of Cartwright.
    Q.6. Why did Cartwright feel pity for Chips?
    Q.7. What did Cartwright say about Chips’ children?
    Q.8. Describe the death scene of Mr. Chips.

    Download PDF Format

    Using this estimation paper pdf will help you to understand what kind of questions might be asked and how to conduct your paper. This is my guess based on the recent syllabus of class 12th and all the past papers and exams in the last ten years.

    Mr. Chip Estimation Paper 2024 Class 12th PDF Download

    As a 12th grader, Mr. Chip is an important and compulsory subject for you. Mr. Chip science is a practical subject, and that is why it is considered a tough  12th class Mr. Chip to get high score in exam. This assessment paper is based on the new class 12h Mr. Chip syllabus.

    Our team has created this assessment paper in PDF format on student interest. 12th class Mr. Chip paper seems to be easy for any student to pass. You can understand the nature of the paper by reviewing the 12th grade Mr. Chip estimation paper. We have also uploaded the 12th grade Mr. Chip matching program. You can download and prepare them to get high score in board exams. The schedule link is given below or you can search on our website. Please let us know if you find any errors.

  • 2nd year computer Important Questions

    2nd year computer Important Questions 2024 Punjab Board

    You are trying to get 12th class Computer estimation paper 2024 in urdu and Computer medium then you are on right website. We have uploaded the best quality estimate paper of class 12th Computers in both media.  Our useful Computer 12th class estimation paper is valid for all Punjab boards. including BISE Faisalabad, BISE Lahore, BISE Gujranwala, BISE Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), BISE Sargodha, BISE Sahiwal, BISE Multan and BISE Jammu Kashmir. Many students practice Computer Important Question 2024 by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good grades in the exam.

    Unit 1


    Q.Describe data manipulations.
    Q.What is a field?
    Q.Define program file with example
    Q.Define program organization.
    Q.Name different types of file organization.
    Q.Differentiate between data and information.
    Q.Define data processing.
    Q.Define redundancy.
    Q.Name two features of DBMS.

    Unit 2


    Q.What are properties of relation?
    Q.Define indexes.
    Q.Define foreign key.
    Q.Define key. List different types of keys.
    Q.Define data administration.
    Q.Define table /relation
    Q.How a relation is formed in database?
    Q.What is an entity in an ERD.
    Q.Who is user or end user?
    Q.What is the purpose of using views?

    Unit 3


    Q.Define and attribute.
    Q.Define data modeling.
    Q.Define the purpose of feasibility study.
    Q.What is E-R diagram?

    Unit 4


    Q.Transitive dependency.
    Q.Define entity.
    Q.Define integrity.
    Q.Synonyms
    Q.Database integrity.
    Q.Partial dependency

    Unit 5


    Q.RDBMS
    Q.Differentiae between form and report
    Q.Database wizard/sample database
    Q.How query is written
    Q.List some advantages of IDE
    Q.Uses of MS Access
    Q.Reports
    Q.Enlist the parts of application window in MS Access.

    Unit 6


    Q.Primary key
    Q.What is the use of data sheet views in MS Access?
    Q.Cardinality of relation
    Q.Degree of relation
    Q.Write down two table vies available in Access.

    Unit 7


    Q.Sub form
    Q.Uses of columnar forms
    Q.Purpose of control naming convention
    Q.Syntax of msg box
    Q.What are methods in vb?
    Q.Property window
    Q.Code window
    Q.Purpose of timer control
    Q.Differentiate between key press and key up events
    Q.Events of mouse
    Q.Events of keyboard

    Unit 8


    Q.Define programming language
    Q.Case sensitive in C language
    Q.Preprocessor directive
    Q.Programmer
    Q.Differentiate between logical errors and syntax errors
    Q.Header files
    Q.Compiler and assembler
    Q.Differentiate between source code and object code
    Q.Deli meters
    Q.Run time errors
    Q.Structured programming language
    Q.Visual basic
    Q.Differentiate between visual programming and event driven programming language
    Q.what is net function
    Q.what is VBA?

    Unit 9


    Q.Define identifier with and example
    Q.Differentiate between declaring and defining a variable
    Q.Variables and two rules for naming variables
    Q.Uses of assignment statement
    Q.Operator precedent
    Q.Define constant. List different types of constants
    Q.Character constant
    Q.Concatenation operator

    Unit 10


    Q.Standard input
    Q.Escape sequence
    Q.Getche () function
    Q.Uses of format specifier in C language
    Q.Use of scanf function
    Q.Clrscr function
    Q.Predict the output…..
    Q.Trace the error in following code
    Q.List some important function for input

    Unit 11


    Q.Control structure & selection structure
    Q.Find output
    Q.Explain if statement
    Q.Find error…..
    Q.Write syntax of if-else statement
    Q.Why break statement is used in a switch () structure
    Q.Switch statement

    Unit 12


    Q.While loop
    Q.Sentinel control loop
    Q.Write syntax of for loop
    Q.Write syntax of do while loop
    Q.What is iteration?

    Unit 13


    Q.Define function. List some benefits of using functions
    Q.Local variables and its scope
    Q.Compare local variables and global variables
    Q.Function cell
    Q.Actual parameters
    Q.Build in functions
    Q.Life time of local variables
    Q.Function definition and function declaration/prototyping

    Unit 14


    Q.Compare binary and text stream
    Q.Binary system
    Q.Text files
    Q.File losed
    Q.Describe project file in VB
    Q.Project explorer window
    Q.Differentiate between method and property

    Computer 2nd year important long questions

    Q.What is data modeling? What are ingredients of data modeling? (unit 3)

    Q.Explain different data types available in MS Access. (Unit 6)

    Q.Define query. Explain the uses of wildcards in queries with examples. (Unit 6)

    Q.Discuss different methods of modifying a table. (unit 6)

    Q.Briefly describe the basic structure of a C program. (unit 8)

    Q.While writing a c program, how many types of errors ca occur? Which one is the most difficult to locate and remove ( unit 8)

    Q.How would you create, edit compile, link and execute a program? (Unit 8)

    Q.Define a language processor or translator. Discuss different types of language processors. (Unit 8)

    Q.Write a program that inputs a character and checks whether it is a wovel or consonantusing switch statement. (unit 11)

    Q.Write a program that inputs a year and finds whether it is leap or not. Using if-else structure. (unit 11)

    Q.Write a program that inputs a number and tells whether it is even or odd using if-else structure. (unit 11)

    Q.What is while loop? Explain its working with an example and flow chart (unit 12)

    Q.What is do-while loop. Write its syntax. Explain its working with example. (unit 12)

    Q.What is nested loop? Explain with example and flowchart. (unit 12)

    Q.What is for loop structure? Explain its working with example and flowchart. (unit 12)

    Q.Define database system. Explain any three components of database system. (unit 1)

    Q.What is key? Discuss different types of keys. (unit 1)

    Q.What is ER model? What are symbols used in ER diagram? (unit 3)

    Q.What is field property ? discuss different field properties in details (unit 6)

    Q.Explain different types of relationships with details. (unit 3)

    Q.What is filter? Discuss different types of filters in MS Access. (unit 6)

    Download PDF Format

    Using this estimation paper pdf will help you to understand what kind of questions might be asked and how to conduct your paper. This is my guess based on the recent syllabus of class 12th and all the past papers and exams in the last ten years.

    Computer Estimation Paper 2024 Class 12th PDF Download

    As a 12th grader, Computer is an important and compulsory subject for you. Computer science is a practical subject, and that is why it is considered a tough  12th class Computer to get high score in exam. This assessment paper is based on the new class 12h Computer syllabus.

    Our team has created this assessment paper in PDF format on student interest. 12th class Computer paper seems to be easy for any student to pass. You can understand the nature of the paper by reviewing the 12th grade Computer estimation paper. We have also uploaded the 12th grade Computer matching program. You can download and prepare them to get high score in board exams. The schedule link is given below or you can search on our website. Please let us know if you find any errors.

  • 2nd year Computer guess paper

    2nd year Computer guess papers 2024 Punjab Board

    You are trying to get 12th class Computer estimation paper 2024 in urdu and Computer medium then you are on right website. We have uploaded the best quality estimate paper of class 12th Computers in both media.  Our useful Computer 12th class estimation paper is valid for all Punjab boards. including BISE Faisalabad, BISE Lahore, BISE Gujranwala, BISE Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), BISE Sargodha, BISE Sahiwal, BISE Multan and BISE Jammu Kashmir. Many students practice Computer Guess Paper 2024 by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good grades in the exam.

    Unit 1

    1.Describe data manipulations
    2.What is a field?
    3.Define program file with example
    4.Define program organization. Name different types of file organization.
    5.Differentiate between data and information.
    6.Define data processing.
    7.Define redundancy.
    8.Name two features of DBMS.

    Unit 2

    1.What are properties of relation?
    2.Define indexes.
    3.Define foreign key.
    4.Define key. List different types of keys.
    5.Define data administration.
    6.Define table /relation
    7.How a relation is formed in database?
    8.What is an entity in an ERD.
    9.Who is user or end user?
    10.What is the purpose of using views?

    Unit 3

    1.Define and attribute.
    2.Define data modeling.
    3.Define the purpose of feasibility study.
    4.What is E-R diagram?

    Unit 4

    1.Transitive dependency.
    2.Define entity.
    2.Define integrity.
    4.Synonyms
    5.Database integrity.
    6.Partial dependency

    Unit 5

    1.RDBMS
    2.Differentiae between form and report
    3.Database wizard/sample database
    4.How query is written
    5.Uses of MS Access
    6.Reports
    7.Enlist the parts of application window in MS Access.
    8.List some advantages of IDE

    Unit 6

    1.List some advantages of IDEPrimary key
    2.What is the use of data sheet views in MS Access?
    3.Cardinality of relation
    4.Degree of relation
    5.Write down two table vies available in Access.

    Unit 7

    1.Sub form
    2.Uses of columnar forms
    3.Purpose of control naming convention
    4.Syntax of msg box
    5.What are methods in vb?
    6.Property window
    7.Code window
    8.Purpose of timer control
    9.Differentiate between key press and key up events
    10.Events of mouse
    11.Events of keyboard

    Unit 8

    1.Define programming language
    2.Case sensitive in C language
    3.Preprocessor directive
    4.Programmer
    5.Differentiate between logical errors and syntax errors
    6.Header files
    7.Compiler and assembler
    8.Differentiate between source code and object code
    9.Deli meters
    10.Run time errors
    11.Structured programming language
    12.Visual basic
    13.differentiate between visual programming and event driven programming language
    14.what is .net function
    15.what is VBA?

    Unit 9

    1.Define identifier with and example
    2.Differentiate between declaring and defining a variable
    3.Variables and two rules for naming variables
    4.Uses of assignment statement
    5.Operator precedent
    6.Define constant. List different types of constants
    7.Character constant
    8.Keywords
    9.Concatenation operator

    Unit 10

    1.Standard input
    2.Escape sequence
    3.Getche () function
    4.Uses of format specifier in C language
    5.Use of scanf function
    6.Clrscr function
    7.Predict the output…..
    8.Trace the error in following code
    9.List some important function for input

    Unit 11

    1.Control structure & selection structure
    2.Find output
    3.Explain if statement
    4.Find error…..
    5.Write syntax of if-else statement
    6.Why break statement is used in a switch () structure
    7.Switch statement

    Unit 12

    1.While loop
    2.Sentinel control loop
    3.Write syntax of for loop
    4.Write syntax of do while loop
    5.What is iteration?

    Unit 13

    1.Define function. List some benefits of using functions
    2.Local variables and its scope
    3.Compare local variables and global variables
    4.Function cell
    5.Actual parameters
    6.Build in functions
    7.Life time of local variables
    8.Function definition and function declaration/prototyping

    Unit 14

    1.Compare binary and text stream
    2.Binary system
    3.Text files
    4.File losed
    5.Describe project file in VB
    6.Project explorer window
    7.Differentiate between method and property

    (unit 1)

    1.Define database system. Explain any three components of database system.
    2.What is key? Discuss different types of keys.

    (unit 3)

    1.What is ER model? What are symbols used in ER diagram?
    2.Explain different types of relationships with details.

    (Unit 6)

    1.Explain different data types available in MS Access.
    2.Define query. Explain the uses of wildcards in queries with examples.
    3.Discuss different methods of modifying a table.
    4.What is field property ? discuss different field properties in details
    5.What is filter? Discuss different types of filters in MS Access.

    (unit 8)

    1.Briefly describe the basic structure of a C program.
    2.While writing a c program, how many types of errors ca occur? Which one is the most difficult to locate and remove
    3.How would you create, edit compile, link and execute a program?
    4.Define a language processor or translator. Discuss different types of language processors.

    (unit 11)

    1.Write a program that inputs a character and checks whether it is a wovel or consonantusing switch statement.
    2.Write a program that inputs a year and finds whether it is leap or not. Using if-else structure.
    3.Write a program that inputs a number and tells whether it is even or odd using if-else structure.

    (unit 12)


    1.What is while loop? Explain its working with an example and flow chart
    2.Whatis do-while loop. Write its syntax. Explain its working with example.
    3.What is nested loop? Explain with example and flowchart.
    4.What is for loop structure? Explain its working with example and flowchart.

    Using this estimation paper pdf will help you to understand what kind of questions might be asked and how to conduct your paper. This is my guess based on the recent syllabus of class 12th and all the past papers and exams in the last ten years.

    Computer Estimation Paper 2024 Class 12th PDF Download

    As a 12th grader, Computer is an important and compulsory subject for you. Computer science is a practical subject, and that is why it is considered a tough  12th class Computer to get high score in exam. This assessment paper is based on the new class 12h Computer syllabus.

    Our team has created this assessment paper in PDF format on student interest. 12th class Computer paper seems to be easy for any student to pass. You can understand the nature of the paper by reviewing the 12th grade Computer estimation paper. We have also uploaded the 12th grade Computer matching program. You can download and prepare them to get high score in board exams. The schedule link is given below or you can search on our website. Please let us know if you find any errors.

  • 2nd year English guess paper

    2nd year English guess papers 2024 Punjab Board

    You are trying to get 12th class English estimation paper 2024 in urdu and english medium then you are on right website. We have uploaded the best quality estimate paper of class 12th Englishs in both media.  Our useful English 12th class estimation paper is valid for all Punjab boards. including BISE Faisalabad, BISE Lahore, BISE Gujranwala, BISE Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), BISE Sargodha, BISE Sahiwal, BISE Multan and BISE Jammu Kashmir. Many students practice English Guess Paper 2024 by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good grades in the exam.

    Lesson 1 (The Dying Sun)

    Q. 1 (How is it that a …….. )
    Q. 2 (What happened when …….. )
    Q. 3 (Why is there no life …….)
    Extra question 1 (What is planetary system?)
    Extra Question 2 (What are stars?)
    Extra Question 3 (What are planets and how did they come into existence?)
    Extra Question 4 (How did our earth come into existence?)

    Lesson 2 (Using the Scientific method)

    Q. 1 (How has the scientific method helped …….)
    Q.6. (How has the scientific method helped …….)

    Lesson 3 (Why boys fail in college)

    Q. 2 ( How does mistaken ambition …. )
    Q. 4 ( How does financial pressure ……. )
    Extra Questions 1 (What are two types of boy who fail in college?)

    Lesson 5 ( On Destroying books)

    All exercise questions

    Lesson 7 (My financial career)

    Q. 2 (Why did the manager come to think ……. )
    Q. 4 (What other blunders Leacock commit …… )
    Q. 5 (After misadventure in the bank …….. )

    Lesson 9 (Hunger and population explosion)

    Q. 1 ( What does hunger mean on ….. )
    Q. 4 ( What is main reason for ……. )
    Q. 8 (Why Is birth rate not so ……. )

    Lesson 11 (First year at Harrow)

    Q. 3 (Why did not Churchill do ….. )
    Q. 4 (How did Churchill do his …… ) OR How did Churchil perform in his entrance exams at Harrow?
    Q. 7 (In after years how did …… )
    Extra question 1 (Why did Churchill dislike examinations?)

    Lesson 14 (Luis Pasteur)

    Q. 2 (Give some instances of ……. )
    Q. 3 (What do you mean by ….. )
    Q. 4 (How did Pasteur prove that ….. )

    Lesson 15 (Mustafa Kamal)

    Q. 4 (Write a note on Mustafa Kamal’s ….. )
    Q. 1 (What was the attitude of ….. )
    Goodbye Mr. Chips important Chapters

    Using this estimation paper pdf will help you to understand what kind of questions might be asked and how to conduct your paper. This is my guess based on the recent syllabus of class 12th and all the past papers and exams in the last ten years.

    English Estimation Paper 2024 Class 12th PDF Download

    As a 12th grader, English is an important and compulsory subject for you. English science is a practical subject, and that is why it is considered a tough  12th class English to get high score in exam. This assessment paper is based on the new class 12h English syllabus.

    Our team has created this assessment paper in PDF format on student interest. 12th class English paper seems to be easy for any student to pass. You can understand the nature of the paper by reviewing the 12th grade English estimation paper. We have also uploaded the 12th grade English matching program. You can download and prepare them to get high score in board exams. The schedule link is given below or you can search on our website. Please let us know if you find any errors.

  • 2nd year Biology guess paper

    2nd year Biology guess papers 2024 Punjab Board

    You are trying to get 12th class Biology estimation paper 2024 in urdu and Biology medium then you are on right website. We have uploaded the best quality estimate paper of class 12th Biologys in both media.  Our useful Biology 12th class estimation paper is valid for all Punjab boards. including BISE Faisalabad, BISE Lahore, BISE Gujranwala, BISE Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), BISE Sargodha, BISE Sahiwal, BISE Multan and BISE Jammu Kashmir. Many students practice Biology Guess Paper 2024 by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good grades in the exam.

    Chapter 15

    Important Short questions
    1. Define homeostasis with examples.
    2. What are heat shock proteins?
    3. What is hypertonic and hypotonic environment and what changes occur in cell in this environment?
    4. Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
    5. Differentiate between active flight and passive flight.
    6. Differentiate between shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesis.
    7. Define endotherms, ectotherms and heterotherms.
    8. Write four adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes and mesophytes.
    9. Differentiate between fibres and sclereides.
    10. Differentiate between afferent and efferent arterioles.
    11. Define lithotripsy.
    12. What is haemodialysis? Give its importance.
    13. What is foramen triosium? How is it formed?
    14. What is renal failure?
    15. Differentiate between ureotelic and urecotelic animals.
    16. Define anhydrobiosis with an example.
    17. What is hyproxaluria?
    18. Differentiate between photonasty and thermonasty.
    19. Define phototactic and chemotactic movements with examples.

    Important Long Questions

    1. Discuss excretion in Plants.
    2. Discuss Kidney disorders with treatment.
    3. Discuss the role of liver as an excretory organ.
    4. Discuss the system of thermoregulation in mammals.

    Chapter 16

    Important Short Questions
    1. Differentiate between bone and cartilage.
    2. Name the unpaired facial bones.
    3. Differentiate between epical, lateral and intercalary meristems.
    4. What is blastoderm? Name its layers.
    5. What is hematoma formation?
    6. How callus is formed?
    7. What is a synovial joint?
    8. Give composition of exoskeleton in molluscs and arthropods.
    9. Differentiate between hyaline and fibro cartilage.
    10. What is sciatica and its causes?
    11. Differentiate between effective and recovery strokes?
    12. What is non-disjunction? Give its effects.
    13. What is rickets? Give its causes and treatment.
    14. Differentiate between tendons and ligaments.
    15. What are the internal factors which affect the process of growth?
    16. What is secondary growth? Give its importance.
    17. What are brnachialis and branchioradialis?

    Important Long Questions

    1. What is endoskeleton? Describe bone and cartilage.
    2. Describe the significance of secondary growth in plants. Phases of plants growth.
    3. Give a detailed note on sliding filament model.
    4. Explain the main parts of axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
    5. Explain different types of joints.

    Chapter 17

    Important Short Questions
    1. What are effectors? Give their types.
    2. Name only types of innate behaviour.
    3. Differentiate between neurula and neurocoel.
    4. Define primary organizer and primary induction.
    5. Draw and label sensory neuron.
    6. Define reflex arc.
    7. Differentiate between nerves and ganglia.
    8. What is salutatory impulse?
    9. What is effects of nicotine on coordination?
    10. What is chlorosis?
    11. What is a hormone? List its type.
    12. Define habituation with an example.
    13. Give functions of parathyroid gland and adrenal gland.
    14. What is Alzheimer’s disease?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Nervous system of hydra is better developed than that of planaria. Discuss.
    2. Explain the structure and functions of human brain with diagram.
    3. Write a note on adrenal gland.
    4. How nerve impulse is produced? Explain its mechanism with diagram?

    Chapter 18

    Important Short Questions
    1. Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
    2. Define parthenocarpy. Give examples.
    3. What is seed dormancy? Give its importance.
    4. What is photoperiodism? Give its effects on plants.
    5. Define vernalisation. Write its two advantages.
    6. Define tissue culture and cloning with examples.
    7. Differentiate between identical and fraternal twins.
    8. Differentiate between oviparous and viviparous.
    9. Define menstrual cycle, oestrous cycle and menopause.
    10. What is diploid parthenogenesis?
    11. What is structure and function of corpus leuteum?
    12. Name STDs with their relative causative agents.
    13. Define apormixis.
    14. Defined haploid and diploid parthenogenesis?
    15. What is ovulation?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Explain the female menstrual cycle.
    2. Explain the male reproductive system of man.
    3. Compare asexual reproduction with sexual reproduction.
    4. Elaborate the functions of placenta during pregnancy.

    Chapter 19

    Important Short Questions
    1. Differentiate between growth and development.
    2. Differentiate between epical, lateral and intercalary meristems.
    3. Write three signs of aging.
    4. Give two causes of abnormal development.
    5. What is blastoderm? Name its layers.
    6. What are the internal factors which affect the process of growth.
    7. What is discoidal cleavage.
    8. Differentiate between neurula and neurocoel.
    9. What is organogenesis?
    10. Define regeneration with example.
    11. What is meristem ?
    12. What do you know about open growth?
    13. Differentiate between morulla and blastolua stage in the development of chick.
    14. What is basic difference between chick and amphibian embryo?
    15. Define correlation?
    16. Define hypoblast and epiblast?
    17. Describe the role of cytoplasm in development?
    18. What is meant by differentiation?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Write a note on development of chick.
    2. Describe the signs and causes of abnormal development.
    3. Explain internal and external factors of growth.
    4. Explain the phases of growth in plants.

    Chapter 20

    Important Short Questions
    1. Define recombinant DNA. Role of lambda phage.
    2. What is anticodon?
    3. What is karyotype?
    4. Write 3 major classes of RNA
    5. What is mutation?
    6. Where does DNA replication start on the DNA molecule?
    7. Define transformation process?
    8. Define chromosomes and nucleosome?
    9. Define semi-conservative replication?
    10. Explain sex limited traits.
    11. What is phosphodiester linkage?
    12. Write the main component of DNA.
    13. Define point mutation and chromosomal aberration.
    14. What are Okazaki fragments? Give their length.
    15. Differentiate between transcription and translation?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Describe DNA as Hereditary material in details?
    2. Explain the works of Meselson and Stahi in DNA study.
    3. What are chromosomes? What do you know about their types.
    4. Explain Watson and Crick model of DNA.

    Chapter 21

    Important Short Questions
    1. What is non-disjunction? Give its effects?
    2. Define cell cycle. Give its phases.
    3. How cytokinesis occur in animals and plants
    4. What is mitotic apparatus? Give its functions.
    5. Explain homologous and analogous organs.
    6. Give importance of mitosis/meiosis.
    7. What is metastasis? Write its importance.
    8. Differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis.
    9. Write the symptoms and causes of Down’s syndrome?
    10. What is Turner’s syndrome? Give its causes and feature.
    11. Define crossing over.
    12. What is meant by G0 phase?
    13. How prophase of meiosis differ from that of mitosis?
    14. What is chiasmata?
    15. What is interphase? Why is it called resting phase?

    Chapter 22

    Important Short Questions
    1. Define euchromatin.
    2. What is cretinism?
    3. Describe gonorrhoea.
    4. What is transformation?
    5. What is allele and gene and gene pool and gene frequency?
    6. What is over dominance and co-dominance?
    7. What is genetic drift? Genetic code. Fixed alleles.
    8. Name any four animals declared extinct in Pakistan.
    9. Define homozygous and heterozygous alleles.
    10. What is Epistasis? What is Bombay Phenotype? Dominance?
    11. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
    12. What is totipotency and totipotent cell?
    13. What is true breeding variety?
    14. What is meant by MODY?

    Important Long Questions

    1. Explain epistasis with an example of Bombay phenotype.
    2. Define and explain Mendel’s Law of segregation.
    3. What is incomplete dominance? Explain with an example.
    4. Explain the phenomenon of gene linkage regarding linkage groups.

    Chapter 23

    Important Short Questions
    1. Define biotechnology. Give its applications.
    2. Differentiate between molecular scissors and molecular vectors.
    3. Give two requirement to produce recombinant DNA.
    4. Explain and give examples of ex vivo and in vivo gene therapies in humans.
    5. What are transgenic plants?
    6. Give three possible ways to get the gene of interest.
    7. Give two goals of human genome project.
    8. What is probe? Give its uses.
    9. Define genomic library.

    Chapter 24

    Important Short Questions
    1. How artificial selection is different from natural selection.
    2. State theory of special creation.
    3. Name any four animals declared extinct in Pakistan.
    4. Define neo Darwinism/modern synthesis?
    5. Define population genetics.
    6. What are hydrothermal vents? How do they support life?
    7. What are vestigial organs? Name some important vestigial organs of man.
    8. Define fossils? How do they provide evidence of evolution?
    9. What are endangered and threatened species? Give some examples.
    10. What is Hardy-Weinberg theorem? Give its equation.
    11. Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs.
    12. State endosymbiont hypothesis.

    Important Long Questions

    1. Discuss evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.
    2. Describe the evidences of evolution various branches of biology like biogeography and fossil study.
    3. Explain Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

    Chapter 25

    Important Short Questions
    1. Write down the types of living organisms found in limnetic zone.
    2. Differentiate between climate and weather.
    3. Define renewable and non renewable resources.
    4. Define ecosystem, biosphere and biome.
    5. Differentiate between population and community with examples.
    6. Differentiate between synecology and autecology.
    7. What is predation? Give its significance.
    8. Define parasitism and commensalism.
    9. Define food chain and food web.
    10. Differentiate between habitat and niche.
    11. Differentiate between consumers and decomposers.
    12. Differentiate between hydrosere and xerosere.
    13. Differentiate between primary succession and secondary succession.

    Important long questions

    1. Write a note on nitrogen cycle.
    2. Explain the biotic components of an ecosystem.
    3. Explain xerosere succession stages.
    4. Explain the flow of energy in a food chain.

    Chapter 27

    Important Short Questions
    1. Define deforestation and afforestation.
    2. What is ozone layer? Give its important function in environment.
    3. Define water pollution and acid rain.
    4. Write a brief note on non-renewable energy resources.
    5. Explain causes and effects of ozone depletion.
    6. Give main causes/sources of water pollution.
    7. What is solid waste? Give its importance.
    8. Define greenhouse effect. Give its effects on environment.
    9. Trees as environmental buffers.

    Important long questions

    1. Describe deforestation and its effects.
    2. Write a note on: a)ozone depletion b)greenhouse effect
    3. Explain the importance of forests/trees
    4. Briefly explain and causes and effects of air pollution.

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    Biology Estimation Paper 2024 Class 12th PDF Download

    As a 12th grader, Biology is an important and compulsory subject for you. Biology science is a practical subject, and that is why it is considered a tough  12th class Biology to get high score in exam. This assessment paper is based on the new class 12h Biology syllabus.

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