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  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 11: Decision Constructs

    2nd year Chapter 11: Decision Constructs Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 11 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 11 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q 1. What is a Control Structure?

    Ans. A control structure is a statement that manages the flow of execution in a program or function, combining individual instructions into a single logical unit with one entry and one exit point. It’s essential for implementing program logic and includes three types:

    • Sequence structure
    • Selection structure
    • Repetition structure

    Q 2. What is a Sequence Structure?

    Ans. In a sequence structure, program instructions execute one after another in the order they are written. This structure represents the default flow of a program, starting from the first instruction and proceeding sequentially.

    Q 3. What is a Selection Structure?

    Ans. A selection structure divides program instructions into two or more groups, with one group selected for execution based on the evaluation of a specific condition.

    Q 4. What is a Repetition Structure?

    Ans. A repetition structure, also known as an iteration or loop structure, is used to repeatedly execute a statement or set of statements as long as a given condition remains true. This structure is employed for performing the same or similar tasks and includes three basic loop types in C language:

    • While loop
    • Do-while loop
    • For loop

    Q 5. What is an IF statement?

    Ans. “IF” is a keyword in C language, and the “IF” statement is the simplest form of a selection structure. It’s used to execute or skip a statement or set of statements after testing a condition. If the condition evaluates as true, the statements after the “IF” statement are executed, while they are skipped if the condition is false.

    Q 6. What is a Compound Statement?

    Ans. A set of statements enclosed within curly brackets is known as a compound statement or block of code.

    Q 7. What is an if-else statement?

    Ans. When a two-way decision is needed, the “if-else” statement is used. It evaluates a condition and executes one of two code blocks, skipping the other. Both code blocks cannot be executed or skipped.

    Q 8. What is an if-else-if statement?

    Ans. The “if-else-if” statement is used when multiple compound statements are available, and one needs to be chosen. It allows for choosing one from multiple compound statements based on various conditions.

    Q 9. What is a Conditional Operator?

    Ans. The conditional operator is used as an extension of a simple “if-else” statement to make a two-way decision. It uses the syntax “(Condition) ? Statement 1 : Statement 2” to select between two statements based on the condition’s evaluation.

    Q 10. What is a Switch Statement?
    Ans    . A switch statement is an alternative to the if-else-if statement and is another type of conditional statement. It’s used when there’s a need to execute a block of statements from multiple blocks based on a specific expression’s value. The general syntax of a switch statement is as follows:Switch (expression) {
    case constant-expression:
    statement(s);
    break;
    case constant-expression:
    statement(s);
    break;
    default:
    statement(s);
    }
    Q 11. What is a Nested if Statement?
    Ans    . A nested if statement occurs when an “if” statement is used within another “if” statement. It involves placing one if statement inside another. The general syntax of a nested if statement is as follows:

    If (Condition 1) {
    If (Condition 2) {
    Statement;
    }
    }
    Q 12. What is a Break Statement?
    Ans    . The “break” statement is a keyword used to exit the current loop or switch statement. When executed in a switch statement, it transfers the flow of control outside of the code block, allowing the program to continue with the first instruction after the switch block.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 11 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 10: Input And Output

    2nd year Chapter 10: Data Basics Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 10 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 10 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q 1. What is an input statement?

    Ans. An input statement refers to the data or instructions provided to a program through an input device, with the keyboard being a standard input device. In C language, the instructions used to receive input are known as input statements.

    Q 2. What is an output statement?

    Ans. An output statement is responsible for producing processed input data from a program and sending it to an output device. Typically, the standard output device is the monitor. In C language, built-in functions are used for output, and the instruction used for sending output is referred to as an output statement.

    Q 3. What are standard input functions?

    Ans. Standard input functions in C include important functions like scanf(), gets(), getch(), and getche() that are used for receiving input from users.

    Q 4. What are standard output functions?

    Ans. Standard output functions in C encompass key functions such as printf() and puts() that are used to display output.

    Q 5. What is the printf() function?

    Ans. The printf() function is used to display program output on the monitor. It can present text, constants, or variable values in a desired format. It’s considered a formatted output function, part of the C standard library and defined in the stdio.h header file.

    Q 6. What is a format specifier?

    Ans. A format specifier is a string used to specify how the value of a variable should be displayed on the monitor. Format specifiers start with a ‘%’ symbol and are used to define the format for displaying values, both for output and input.

    Q 7. What is field width in a format specifier?

    Ans. Field width, in a format specifier, determines the number of columns used to display a value on the monitor screen. It’s specified by a number in the format specifier and indicates the minimum number of columns to be used for printing a value. It’s optional in the format specifier.

    Q 8. What is an escape sequence?

    Ans. An escape sequence is a combination of characters used within the printf() function to control the printing of output. These sequences are not printed and start with a backslash (”). They allow you to include specific characters or control sequences within a string, such as ‘\n’ to represent a new line.

    Q 9. What is the getch() function?

    Ans. The getch() function is used to capture a single character as input from the keyboard. It transfers the typed character to a variable without the need to press the enter key, and the character entered does not appear on the screen.

    Q 10. What is the getche() function?

    Ans. The getche() function is used to obtain a single character as input from the keyboard. Like getch(), it transfers the character to a variable without requiring the user to press the enter key, and the character is not displayed on the screen.

    Q 11. What is the function of the ‘\n’ escape sequence?

    Ans. The ‘\n’ escape sequence represents a new line in a string. When encountered in a printf() statement, it moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line, effectively starting a new line in the output.

    Q 12. What is the function of the ‘\t’ escape sequence?

    Ans. The ‘\t’ escape sequence represents a horizontal tab. It is used to move the cursor one tab forward from the current position. For example:

    printf(“Hello\tPakistan“);
    The output of the above statement will be “Hello Pakistan,” with multiple spaces added to align text to the next tab stop.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 10 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 9: Elements Of C

    2nd year Chapter 9: Elements Of C Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 9 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 9 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q 1. What is an identifier?

    Ans. In a program, the names used to represent variables, constants, types, functions, and labels are called identifiers. C compiler recognizes the first 31 characters of an identifier.

    Q 2. What is a user-defined identifier?

    Ans. User-defined identifiers are names assigned by the programmer to functions, data types, variables, etc., in a program. For example, “age” or “r_no” can be user-defined identifiers in a program.

    Q 3. What is a standard identifier?

    Ans. Standard identifiers are identifiers with predefined meanings in C language. These identifiers can be redefined, but it’s not recommended as redefining them can disrupt their original purpose. For example, “printf” and “scanf” are standard identifiers.

    Q 4. What is a keyword?

    Ans. Keywords are words in C language with predefined meanings and purposes. They cannot be used for any other purpose in C programs. All keywords are in lowercase and cannot be used as identifiers. C language has 32 keywords.

    Q 5. What is a variable?

    Ans. A variable is a named memory location used to store input data and results during the execution of a program. It can store different types of data and is essential for processing information.

    Q 6. What is a constant?

    Ans. A constant is a quantity with a fixed value that cannot be changed during program execution. Constants can be declared using the “const” keyword. For example, “const int x = 10;” defines a constant.

    Q 7. What is variable declaration?

    Ans. Variable declaration involves specifying the variable’s name and the data type it can contain. In C, variables must be declared before use. Failure to do so will result in a compiler error.

    Q 8. What is variable initialization?

    Ans. Variable initialization is the act of storing a value in a variable at the time of declaration. When a variable is declared, memory is allocated to it, and it may contain garbage values. Initialization sets the variable’s value before use.

    Q 9. What is a typed language?

    Ans. C is a strongly typed language, meaning that variables must be declared with a specific data type before use. This enforces strict typing, and the compiler checks for data type consistency at compile time.

    Q 10. What are different types of constants?

    Ans. There are two types of constants in C:

    1. Numeric constants
    2. Character constants

    Q 11. What is meant by data type?

    Ans. A data type defines a set of values and operations allowed on those values. It also specifies the memory required to store data. Data types play a crucial role in computer programming for processing various types of data.

    Q 12. What is meant by standard data type?

    Ans. Standard data types are predefined data types provided by the language, such as int, char, etc. These data types can be used in all C language programs.

    Q 13. What is meant by user-defined data type?

    Ans. User-defined data types are created by the programmer in addition to standard data types. These data types can only be used in the specific program in which they are defined.

    Q 14. Which data types can be used to store integer data?

    Ans. Data types for integers include:

    • int
    • short int
    • long int
    • unsigned int
    • unsigned long int

    Q 15. Which data types can be used to store floating-point data?

    Ans. Data types for real numbers include:

    • float
    • double
    • long double

    Q 16. What is cancellation error?

    Ans. Cancellation error occurs when an arithmetic operation is performed between very large and very small floating-point numbers, leading to unexpected results. It can happen when adding a large number to a very small one, potentially canceling out the smaller value.

    Q 17. What is meant by underflow?

    Ans. Underflow occurs when a value is stored in a variable that falls below its minimum range, resulting in an error. For example, storing a number less than the minimum range of an “int” variable will trigger an underflow error.

    Q 18. What is meant by overflow?

    Ans. Overflow happens when a value is stored in a variable that exceeds its maximum range, leading to an error. For instance, storing a number greater than the maximum range of an “int” variable will trigger an overflow error.

    Q 19. What is a character data type?

    Ans. The character data type, “char,” is used to store single characters. A “char” type variable uses one byte in memory and stores the ASCII value of the character. It’s represented within single quotes, such as ‘?’, ‘a’, etc.

    Q 20. How are characters stored?

    Ans. Characters are stored as their ASCII values when assigned to a “char” type variable. The ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) value represents each character as a unique numeric code. For example, ‘A’ has an ASCII code of 65 and ‘B’ has a code of 66.

    Q 21. What is an operator?

    Ans. Operators are symbols used in computer programs to perform various operations on data. They can be used for tasks like addition, subtraction, comparison, and more.

    Q 22. What are the different types of operators?

    Ans. C language provides various types of operators, including:

    • Arithmetic operators
    • Relational operators
    • Logical operators
    • Increment and Decrement operators
    • Assignment operators

    Q 23. What is an arithmetic operator?

    Ans. Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations on numeric data. These operations can be applied to numeric variables or constants, and they include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.

    Q 24. What is an assignment operator?

    Ans. The “=” symbol is called the assignment operator. It is used to store the result of an expression in a variable. For example, “x = 5” assigns the value 5 to the variable “x.”

    Q 25. What is an assignment statement?

    Ans. An assignment statement is a C language statement that uses the assignment operator “=” to assign a value or the result of an expression to a variable. It follows the format “variable = expression.”

    Q 26. What is compound assignment?

    Ans. Compound assignment involves assigning one value to multiple variables using the assignment operator more than once. For example, “A = B = 10;” assigns the value 10 to both variables A and B.

    Q 27. What is a compound assignment operator?

    Ans. Compound assignment operators are combinations of an assignment operator with an arithmetic operator. They are used to perform arithmetic operations and assign the result to a variable. Examples include “+=”, “-=”, “*=”, “/=”, and “%=”.

    Q 28. What is the increment operator?

    Ans. The double plus (“++”) sign represents the increment operator. It is a unary operator used to increase the current value of a variable by 1. It can be applied before or after the variable, such as “x++” or “++x.”

    Q 29. What is the decrement operator?

    Ans. The double minus (“–“) sign represents the decrement operator. It’s a unary operator used to decrease the current value of a variable by 1. Like the increment operator, it can be applied before or after the variable, such as “x–” or “–x.”

    Q 30. What is a relational expression?

    Ans. A relational expression is a combination of relational operators and operands, which can be constants or variables of the same type. It generates either a “true” or “false” result after evaluation.

    Q 31. What are logical operators?

    Ans. Logical operators include “AND” (&&), “OR” (||), and “NOT” (!), and they are used in compound expressions to make decisions based on the evaluation of relational expressions.

    Q 32. What is a logical expression?

    Ans. A logical expression combines relational expressions and logical operators to evaluate to a single numeric value. This value is used to make decisions in a program.

    Q 33. What is the “AND” operator?

    Ans. The “AND” operator (&&) yields a “true” result if both relational expressions on its sides evaluate to “true.” It’s used for combining conditions in a way where all conditions must be met for the overall expression to be true.

    Q 34. What is the “OR” operator?

    Ans. The “OR” operator (||) produces a “true” result if at least one of the relational expressions on its sides evaluates to “true.” It’s used to create conditions where any one of the conditions being true makes the overall expression true.

    Q 35. What is the “NOT” operator?

    Ans. The “NOT” operator (!) is used to negate the truth value of a relational expression. If an expression evaluates to “true,” applying the “NOT” operator will make it “false,” and vice versa.

    Q 36. What is meant by operator precedence?

    Ans. Operator precedence defines the order in which different types of operators in an expression are evaluated. It establishes the hierarchy of operators, ensuring that those with higher precedence are evaluated first.

    Q 37. What is an expression?

    Ans. An expression is a combination of operators and operands that is used to calculate the values of formulas. After evaluation, an expression yields a single value. The operands can be constants or variables.

    Q 38. What are comments?

    Ans. Comments are non-executable statements in a C language program, written between /* and */. The compiler ignores these lines. They are used for adding remarks, explanations, and improving program readability.

    Q 39. What is a single-line comment?

    Ans. A single-line comment is created in C using “//.” It is a non-executable statement that adds remarks or explanations and extends to only one line. These comments are used to improve code readability.

    Q 40. What is a multi-line comment?

    Ans. A multi-line comment is also written between /* and */, similar to single-line comments, but it can span multiple lines. These comments are useful for providing detailed explanations within a program.

    Q 41. What is prefix increment?

    Ans. Prefix increment (e.g., “++x”) is the use of the increment operator before a variable’s name. It increases the variable’s value by 1 and then uses the updated value.

    Q 42. What is postfix increment?

    Ans. Postfix increment (e.g., “x++”) is the application of the increment operator after a variable’s name. It uses the variable’s current value and then increments it by 1.

    Q 43. What is prefix decrement?

    Ans. Prefix decrement (e.g., “–x”) uses the decrement operator before the variable’s name. It decreases the variable’s value by 1 and then uses the updated value.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 9 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 8: Getting Started With C

    2nd year Chapter 8: Data Basics Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 8 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 8 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q 1. What is a computer program?

    Ans. A computer program is a set of instructions used to solve specific problems, written in programming languages.

    Q 2. What is a programming language?

    Ans. A programming language is a means of communication with computers, using a set of rules and alphabets to write computer programs.

    Q 3. List different types of programming languages.

    Ans. There are two types of programming languages: low-level languages and high-level languages.

    Q 4. What is a high-level language?

    Ans. A high-level language is one that resembles human language, making it easy to understand and learn, with instructions resembling English sentences.

    Q 5. What is a low-level language?

    Ans. A low-level language is one closely related to the language of computers, including machine language and assembly language.

    Q 6. What is machine language?

    Ans. Machine language, also known as binary language, uses only 0s and 1s as its alphabet. It is the native language of computers.

    Q 7. What is assembly language?

    Ans. Assembly language replaces machine language instructions with English-like words (mnemonics). It is easier to write and is often used for system software.

    Q 7. What is a source program?

    Ans. A source program is a computer program written in a high-level language, also referred to as source code.

    Q 8. What is an object program?

    Ans. An object program is a computer program written in machine language, also known as object code, which can be directly executed by the computer.

    Q 9. What is a language translator?

    Ans. A language processor is software that converts programs written in various programming languages into machine language. It includes compilers and interpreters.

    Q 10. What is a compiler?

    Ans. A compiler is software that translates high-level language programs into machine language. It checks for errors and produces an executable file.

    Q 11. What is an interpreter?

    Ans. An interpreter is a program that translates a source program into an object program one statement at a time, executing each statement immediately after translation.

    Q 12. What is an assembler?

    Ans. An assembler is a language translator that converts programs written in assembly language into machine language.

    Q 13. What is a structured programming language?

    Ans. In structured programming languages, programs are divided into modules or parts, making them easy to write and debug, with fewer chances of errors.

    Q 14. What is an unstructured programming language?

    Ans. Unstructured programming languages do not use modules or parts in the program, making them harder to write and debug with a higher chance of errors.

    Q 15. What is a preprocessor?

    Ans. A preprocessor is a program that modifies C programs before compilation, processing preprocessor directives and macros.

    Q 16. What is a preprocessor directive?

    Ans. Preprocessor directives are instructions for the preprocessor, starting with a # symbol, such as #include for including header files and #define for defining constants.

    Q 17. What is the work of include directive?

    Ans. The include directive is used to include header files in a program, especially those related to library functions.

    Q 18. What is the work of define directive?

    Ans. The define directive is used to define constant macros in a program, allowing the creation of symbolic names for values or expressions.

    #define Macro-Name expression

    Q 19. What is a statement terminator?

    Ans. Every C language statement ends with a semicolon “;”. Semicolon at the end of a statement is called a statement terminator.

    Q 20. What are delimiters?

    Ans. Curly braces at the beginning and end of the main function are called delimiters. C language statements are written between delimiters.

    Q 21. What is the main function?

    Ans. Every C language program must contain a main() function. A program without the main function cannot be executed. Instructions of programs are written between the curly braces {} of the main() function. These statements enclosed in the main() function are called the body of the main() function.

    Q 22. What are bugs and debugging?

    Ans. While writing a program, the programmer may come across many errors. The error in a program is called a bug. The process of finding and removing errors is called debugging.

    Q 23. What is meant by creating a program?

    Ans. Writing source code statements is called creating a C program. Turbo C IDE can be used to create and edit the program. First, open Turbo C IDE, then select “new” from the file menu. A new edit window will be opened. The cursor blinks in the window. You can write the program statements in the window and save it as a program file.

    Q 24. What is meant by editing a program?

    Ans. Writing and editing the source program is the first step. Source code is written in C language according to the type of the problem in any text editor. Changing the source code and removing errors in the program is called editing a program.

    Q 25. What is meant by compiling a program?

    Ans. Computers do not understand C language; they understand only machine language. So, C language code is converted into machine language. The process of converting source code into machine code is called compiling. Compiler is a program that compiles source code. If compiling is successful, the source program is converted into an object program. The object program is saved on disk, and the file has the extension “.obj.”

    Q 26. What is meant by linking a program?

    Ans. The process of combining required library functions with the object program is called linking. This is done with the help of a program called a linker. The linker combines the object program produced by the compiler and library functions, producing a final machine language file. This file is called an executable file, and it has the extension “.exe.”

    Q 27. What is meant by executing a program?

    Ans. The process of running an executable file is called executing. After linking, a C program can be executed. A program loader is used to transfer the executable file from secondary storage to main memory. The program can be executed by selecting “run” from the run menu bar of Turbo C IDE or by pressing Ctrl + F9 keys on the keyboard.

    Q 28. List names of some high-level languages.

    Ans. High-level languages include:

    • C
    • C++
    • C#
    • COBOL
    • BASIC
    • FORTRAN
    • PASCAL
    • JAVA

    Q 29. What is Turbo C++?

    Ans. Turbo C++ is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for creating C and C++ programs, developed by Borland International. It is used for creating, editing, saving, compiling, linking, and executing programs. It also has powerful debugging features to find and remove errors from programs.

    Q 30. What are the necessary steps to prepare a C program?

    Ans. The steps to prepare a C program are:

    1. Creating & Editing
    2. Saving
    3. Compiling
    4. Linking
    5. Loading
    6. Running

    Q 31. What are header files?

    Ans. Header files are part of a C compiler and provide access to library functions. C language has many built-in library functions, each performing a specific task. These functions are organized into groups based on functionality, and each group is stored in a separate file called a header file.

    Q 32. What is a C statement?

    Ans. Every instruction written in a C language program is called a C statement. Each statement ends with a semicolon “;,” which is referred to as a statement terminator.

    Q 33. What are syntax errors?

    Ans. Syntax errors occur when program statements do not follow the specific rules (syntax) of the C language. These errors are detected by the compiler. They are typically related to incorrect formatting or misuse of C language constructs.

    Q 34. What are logical errors?

    Ans. Logical errors occur when the program’s algorithm is incorrect, leading to incorrect results. Compiler cannot detect these errors. A program with logical errors runs but produces inaccurate output. Finding and fixing logical errors requires careful examination of the program.

    Q 35. What are runtime errors?

    Ans. Runtime errors occur during program execution and are typically caused by attempts to perform tasks that the computer cannot handle. These errors stop program execution and display error messages.

    Q 36. What is ANSI C?

    Ans. ANSI C, or American National Standard Institute C, is a standardized version of the C programming language developed in the late 1980s. It introduced new features and provided a standard for C language development.

    Q 37. List any four advantages of C language.

    Ans. Advantages of C language include:

    1. Easy to learn
    2. Easy to remove errors
    3. Machine independence
    4. Standard syntax
    5. Shorter programs

    Q 38. What is meant by machine independence?

    Ans. A program written in a high-level language, like C, is machine-independent. It can run on different types of computers without modification.

    Q 39. What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?

    Ans. A compiler is a program that translates an entire high-level language program into machine language as a whole. It compiles the source code into an object program that can be executed. In contrast, an interpreter converts the source program into an object program one statement at a time, executing each statement after translation. Interpreters are used for languages that need to be compiled and executed immediately, without creating a separate object file.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 8 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 7: Ms. Access Forms And Report

    2nd year Chapter 7: Ms. Access Forms And Report Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 7 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 7 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: What is a form?

    Ans: A form is a window with visual components for data input and display. It’s made up of individual design elements known as controls, like text boxes, labels, and check boxes, serving various purposes.

    Q2: What are some uses of a form?

    Ans: Forms are used to add, delete, include, view, and search data in a database. They also function as custom dialog boxes that accept user input and trigger actions.

    Q3: What is a sub-form?

    Ans: A sub-form is a form placed within a parent form (main form). It’s also known as a child form and is useful when tables have a one-to-many relationship, with the sub-form typically involving a foreign key.

    Q4: What is conditional formatting?

    Ans: Conditional formatting is a special type of formatting that depends on the value of a control. It can be applied to elements like text boxes, lists, and combo boxes.

    Q5: What is a report?

    Ans: Reports are the output of a database application and allow users to generate various types of reports by manipulating the database.

    Q6: What is linking?

    Ans: Linking in MS Access involves creating a link to an object in another database table. It does not copy the table but rather connects to it.

    Q7: What is a switchboard?

    Ans: A switchboard in Microsoft Access is a form that helps users navigate and perform tasks within a database application. It acts as a customized menu with user-defined commands, often involving actions like opening forms, naming queries, or printing reports.

    Q8: What are keyboard shortcuts?

    Ans: Keyboard shortcuts are key combinations used to perform different tasks in an application. They are designed to save time and effort.

    Q9: What is an input mask?

    Ans: An input mask controls the format in which data is stored in a cell. For example, it can ensure that a date field follows a specific format, such as dd/mm/yy.

    Q10: Explain tabular form briefly?

    Ans: In a tabular form, multiple records are displayed with fields in columns and records in rows. It’s ideal when you want to view a few records with narrow fields and see several records simultaneously.

    Q11: Define columnar form.

    Ans: Columnar form displays field and label side by side. It shows only one value at a time and provides a record navigation bar for traversing records.

    Q12: Define Datasheet form.

    Ans: A datasheet form displays data in datasheet view, showing one record at a time. It also includes a record navigation bar to move through different records. This type of form is often used as the basis for sub-forms.

    Q13: What is a list box?

    Ans: A list box is a type of text box that can associate multiple values, allowing more than one value to be displayed and selected at the same time.

    Q14: What is a combo box?

    Ans: A combo box is a type of text box that can associate multiple values, but it displays and allows the selection of only one value at a time.

    Q15: What is a switchboard?

    Ans: A switchboard is a type of form that displays buttons linked to various database objects. Users can use these buttons to open, close, or modify those objects.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 7 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 6: Table And Query

    2nd year Chapter 6: Table And Query Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 6 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 6 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: What is a table?

    Ans: A table is a fundamental object in a relational database, consisting of rows and columns. Each cell at the intersection of a row and column is called a cell, where data is stored. In a table, each row represents a tuple, and each column represents an attribute of an entity.

    Q2: What is the degree of a relation?

    Ans: The degree of a relation refers to the number of fields (columns) in a table. This degree is specified at the time of table creation and can be changed later. Changing the degree of a table may result in data loss.

    Q3: What is the cardinality of a relation?

    Ans: The cardinality of a relation is the number of records (rows) in a table. It can change as new records are added or existing records are deleted. For example, a table with 40 records has a cardinality of 40.

    Q4: What are the two table views available in Microsoft Access?

    Ans: Microsoft Access offers two table views: Design view and Datasheet view.

    Q5: What is the Text data type?

    Ans: The Text data type is the default data type in MS Access. It can store text or a combination of text and numbers, as well as numeric values that don’t require calculations (e.g., phone numbers). It has a size limit of 255 characters or the length set by the FieldSize property, whichever is less.

    Q6: What is the Memo data type?

    Ans: The Memo data type is used for fields that can contain more than 64,000 characters, making it suitable for storing long descriptions.

    Q7: What is the Number data type?

    Ans: The Number data type is used to store numeric data for mathematical calculations. It comes in various sizes, including 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes (16 bytes if the FieldSize property is set to Replication ID).

    Q8: What is the AutoNumber data type?

    Ans: The AutoNumber data type assigns a unique sequential or random number to each record added to a table by Microsoft Access. AutoNumber fields cannot be updated, and they have a size of 4 bytes.

    Q9: What is the use of Default value?

    Ans: The Default value is used to set a default value for a field, especially when many records in a certain field have the same value. This eliminates the need to repeatedly enter the same value.

    Q10: What is sorting?

    Ans: Sorting is the arrangement of data in a particular sequence, which can be in ascending or descending order, based on a selected field or criterion.

    Q11: What is referential integrity?

    Ans: Referential integrity is a set of rules that ensures the validity of relationships between records in related tables. It prevents accidental deletion or modification of related data and requires that both tables have at least one common field with the same data type and size.

    Q12: What is a query?

    Ans: A query is a database object used to retrieve specific data from one or more tables. It can specify fields to display, conditions for data extraction, and relationships between tables.

    Q13: What is a join?

    Ans: A join is a query that extracts data from multiple tables based on the relationships between them. It combines data from different tables to provide meaningful results.

    Q14: What are wildcards?

    Ans: Wildcards are special symbols used in queries to search for data. Common wildcards include *, ?, and #, and they are typically used with fields of the Text data type.

    Q15: Define criteria in a query?

    Ans: Criteria in a query are conditions that limit the number of rows extracted from the database. They specify a set of rules for selecting records that meet certain criteria, allowing users to filter data as needed.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 6 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 5: Introduction To Microsoft Access

    2nd year Chapter 5: Introduction To Microsoft Access Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 5 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 5 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: What is Microsoft Access?

    Ans: Microsoft Access is a popular and powerful Database Management System (DBMS) that allows users to create and maintain databases. It offers features for creating tables, forms, queries, and reports.

    Q2: What is a wizard?

    Ans: A wizard is a helper application that simplifies complex tasks. It presents users with step-by-step instructions in a window, with “back” and “next” buttons for navigation. Wizards make it easier to perform various tasks.

    Q3: What is a menu bar?

    Ans: The menu bar is the second bar from the top in software like Microsoft Access. It contains various menu options, and each menu option has an underlined character, indicating a shortcut key combination for that menu.

    Q4: What is a database object?

    Ans: A database object is a component of a database system used for managing data. Examples of database objects include tables, queries, forms, and reports.

    Q5: What is a table?

    Ans: A table is a collection of rows and columns. Each intersection point of rows and columns is called a cell, where data can be stored. Each column in a table represents a field designed to store a specific type of data.

    Q6: What is a query?

    Ans: A query is a database object used to retrieve data from the database. Users can specify criteria to filter and retrieve the desired data. Queries can also be used to update or delete data in the database.

    Q7: What is a form?

    Ans: A form is a window used for entering, editing, and viewing data in a database. Data entered in forms is directly stored in the tables. Forms are created after table creation, and the fields on forms are linked to the table fields.

    Q8: What are reports?

    Ans: Reports are database objects used to present queried data in a structured and presentable format. They allow users to format and organize data for easy understanding. Reports can be generated based on tables and queries.

    Q9: What is an IDE?

    Ans: IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. It provides a graphical interface with buttons, icons, and menus for performing tasks. Microsoft Access, like other software, offers an IDE that simplifies tasks and is user-friendly for both new users and programmers.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 5 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 4: Data Integrity And Normalization

    2nd year Chapter 4: Data Basics Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 4 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 4 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: What is entity integrity?

    Ans: Entity integrity is a constraint on entities in a database. It states that every table must have a primary key, and the chosen primary key columns should be unique and not null. This rule ensures that duplicate rows are not allowed, and each value in the primary key can uniquely identify all rows in a table.

    Q2: What is referential integrity?

    Ans: Referential integrity is a constraint on foreign keys in a database. It ensures that if a foreign key exists in a relation, either the foreign key value must match the primary key value of a tuple in its parent table, or the foreign key value must be completely NULL.

    Q3: What is redundancy?

    Ans: Redundancy occurs when the same data values are stored more than once in a table or in multiple tables.

    Q4: What is normalization?

    Ans: Normalization is the process of converting complex data structures into simpler and more stable structures. It involves reviewing the entities and their attributes to ensure that attributes are stored where they belong. This process aims to eliminate data redundancy and analyze attribute dependencies within entities.

    Q5: What is a repeating group?

    Ans: A repeating group is a set of one or more data items that can occur a variable number of times within a tuple.

    Q6: What are database anomalies?

    Ans: Database anomalies are situations that arise when records are inserted, modified, or deleted in a database, causing the database to become inconsistent or incorrect.

    Q7: What is an insertion anomaly?

    Ans: An insertion anomaly occurs when a new record cannot be inserted without having additional facts about another entity. It restricts the ability to insert data.

    Q8: What is a deletion anomaly?

    Ans: A deletion anomaly occurs when the deletion of a record leads to the unintentional deletion of facts about another entity, making the database inconsistent.

    Q9: What is a modification anomaly?

    Ans: A modification anomaly occurs when modifying the value of a specific attribute in one record requires modifying the same value in multiple records, potentially leading to inconsistency.

    Q10: What is a partial dependency?

    Ans: Partial dependency is a type of dependency in which one or more non-key attributes are functionally dependent on a part of the primary key.

    Q11: What is a transitive dependency?

    Ans: Transitive dependency is a type of functional dependency in which a non-key attribute depends on another non-key attribute, creating a chain of dependencies.

    Q12: What is an integrity constraint?

    Ans: Integrity constraints are rules designed to maintain the correctness and consistency of data in a database. They ensure that the data meets specific quality and consistency standards.

    Q13: What is 1st Normal form? Ans: A relation is in 1st normal form if all its domain values are atomic, meaning each cell contains only one value, and there are no repeating groups within the relation.

    Q14: What is 2nd Normal form?

    Ans: A relation is in the 2nd normal form if it meets the criteria of 1st normal form and every non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key. In other words, all non-key attributes must depend solely on the primary key.

    Q15: What is the 3rd Normal form?

    Ans: A relation is in 3rd normal form if it meets the criteria of 2nd normal form and has no transitive dependencies. Transitive dependencies refer to functional dependencies between non-key attributes, and these should be eliminated for a relation to be in 3rd normal form.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 4 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 3: DataBasic Design Process

    2nd year Chapter 3: DataBasic Design Process Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 3 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 3 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1: What is analysis?

    Ans: Analysis is the process of studying the existing system and determining the requirements for a new system. An “Analyst” is responsible for this critical step in database system development.

    Q2: Why is project planning important?

    Ans: Project planning is vital for project management. It defines project scope, methods, tasks, resource estimates, and costs, ensuring a clear path to project completion.

    Q3: What is data modeling?

    Ans: Data modeling involves identifying data objects and their relationships. It’s the initial step in designing a database, progressing from a conceptual model to a logical model to create a physical schema.

    Q4: Define cardinality?

    Ans: Cardinality refers to the number of occurrences of one entity associated with one or more occurrences of another entity in a relationship. It’s expressed as “one” or “many.”

    Q5: What is Modality?

    Ans: Modality defines whether an entity’s participation in a relationship is mandatory or optional. An optional relationship has a cardinality of zero, while a mandatory one has a cardinality of at least one.

    Q6: What is an E-R diagram?

    Ans: An Entity-Relationship (E-R) diagram is a visual representation that illustrates how entities are related in a database. It uses symbols to convey information about these relationships.

    Q7: What is logical database design?

    Ans: Logical database design involves mapping the conceptual model to the structures of a target database management system (DBMS), particularly in the context of relational databases.

    Q8: What is physical database design?

    Ans: Physical database design is the final step in creating a database. It entails implementing the database as stored records, files, indexes, and data structures to ensure performance, data integrity, security, and recoverability.

    Q9: What is centralized database distribution?

    Ans: Centralized database distribution means that all data is stored in a single location. While this can simplify management, it may lead to high data communication costs and limited remote accessibility. If the central server fails, the entire database becomes inaccessible.

    Q10: What is partitioned database distribution?

    Ans: Partitioned distribution divides data into fragments placed on different computers, making it more accessible than a centralized database strategy.

    Q11: What is replicated database distribution?

    Ans: Replicated distribution involves storing a full copy of the database on multiple computers. Any changes on one computer are replicated to the others. This strategy requires more storage and can involve significant communication costs and frequent synchronization.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 3 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 2nd year Computer Chapter 2: Basic Concepts and Terminology

    2nd year Chapter 2: Basic Concepts and Terminology Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 2nd year  Computer Chapter 2 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 2nd year Computer Chapter 2 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. Define relation.

    Ans. In relational database the table in which data is stored is also called a relation. Collection of rows and columns is called table. Each intersection of a row and column is called a cell. Table contains the descriptive information about an entity. Table is also called relation. Each file in a file management system corresponds to a table in database management system.

    Q2. What is and Entity?

    Ans. Anything about which we want to store data is called an entity. It can be a person, place, event etc. Entity always has a unique name with in a domain.

    Q3. What is the use of views?

    Ans. Views are virtual tables used to keep the data safe and secure from unauthorized access. Unlike ordinary tables (base tables) in a relational database, a view is not part of the physical schema. It is a dynamic, virtual table computed from data in the database. Changing the data in a table alters the data shown in the view.

    Q4. What is a key?
    Ans. A key field is a field or set of fields of a database (typically a relational database) table which together form a unique identifier for a database record (a table entry). The aggregate of these fields is usually referred to simply as “the key”. A Key field also defines searches.

    Q5. Define Primary key.

    Ans. In a relation the attribute or a combination of attributes that uniquely identifies a row or a record e.g. A Social Security number (associated with a specific person), ISBN (associated with a specific book) student roll number (associated with only one student in a class).

    Q6. Define Secondary key.


    Ans. Secondary key is a non-unique field. Some times records are required to be accessed by a field other than the primary key. In these situations another key that is used is called secondary key or alternate key.

    Q7. Define Candidate key.

    Ans. There can be more than one keys or key combinations that qualify to be selected as primary key. In a relation there can be only one primary key at a time. Rest of the keys or key combinations are called candidate keys.

    Q8. Define Composite key.

    Ans. Composite key consists of two or more than two fields. Composite key is also designated as a primary key. It is created in a situation when no single field fulfills the property of uniqueness. To make it unique more than one field are combined and used as primary key.

    Q9. Define Sort key.

    Ans. A sort key is a field or set of fields in a record that determines the order of data in a file. For example, sorting by STATE and NAME arranges data alphabetically first by state and then by name.

    Q10. What is the use of an index file?

    Ans. Index files are used by a Database Management System (DBMS) to speed up sorting and searching operations.

    Q11. Who is an end user?

    Ans. An end user is a person who uses a database management system for their needs. They should have knowledge of information technology but don’t need detailed knowledge of the computer system.

    Q12. Who is a data administrator?

    The Data Administrator (DA) is responsible for organizing, supervising, and protecting data to ensure its quality and accessibility. They establish and implement policies and procedures.

    Q13. Who is a database administrator?

    Ans. A Database Administrator (DBA) is responsible for database-related tasks such as backups, data integrity, security, availability, performance, and supporting developers in efficiently using the database.

    Q14. List two properties of a relation.

    Ans. A relation has unique column names, and the order of columns and rows is insignificant.

    Q15. Discuss data manipulation in a DBMS system?

    Ans. Data manipulation in a Database Management System involves storing data in tables (relations), using primary and foreign keys to relate tables, and using indexes for quick data access. It differs from a file management system.

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    For the 2nd year Computer Chapter 2 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.