Author: BilalArticles

  • 1st Year English CH-5: The Piece of String

    1st Year English CH-5:  The Piece of String Questions Answers Notes

    Short an easy questions and answers

    Q1. Why did Manana accuse Hubert of picking up the lost pocket-purse?

    A1. Mr. Manana falsely accused Mr. Hubert due to baseless enmity.

    Q2. Why did people doubt Hubert even when the pocketbook was returned by someone else?

    A2. People considered Hubert a liar, and they were unwilling to believe him for any reason.

    Q3. Why did George give the pocketbook to his employer?

    A3. George couldn’t read the pocketbook, so he handed it to his employer.

    Q4. What made Hubert feel ashamed?

    A4. Being labeled a liar made Hubert feel ashamed.

    Q5. Why did people mock Hubert’s innocence?

    A5. Hubert’s earnest efforts to prove his innocence led people to make fun of him.

    Q6. Why did Hubert continue to claim his innocence until his death?

    A6. Hubert was genuinely innocent and couldn’t bear the humiliation of being called a liar, so he persisted in asserting his innocence.

  • 1st Year English CH-4: Thank You, M’am

    1st Year English CH-4:  The Piece of String Questions Answers Notes

    Short an easy questions and answers

    Q1. When did the boy try to snatch the woman’s purse?

    A1. The boy attempted to snatch the woman’s purse around 11 o’clock at night.

    Q2. What happened to the boy when he tried to snatch the purse?

    A2. The strap of the purse broke, causing the boy to lose his balance and fall.

    Q3. How did the woman react?

    A3. The woman kicked the boy, then grabbed and scolded him.

    Q4. How did people nearby react when they saw the woman confronting the boy?

    A4. Two or three people passing by stopped and observed the situation.

    Q5. How did the boy appear physically?

    A5. The boy, aged around 14-15, was thin and frail.

    Q6. What was the boy’s condition when the woman confronted him?

    A6. The boy became helpless and stopped struggling when the woman confronted him.

    Q7. Why did the woman ask the boy to wash his face?

    A7. The woman wanted to teach the boy right from wrong and believed in his potential to change.

    Q8. Why didn’t the boy run away from the woman’s house?

    A8. The boy wanted the woman to trust him and did not want to betray that trust.

    Q9. Why didn’t the woman watch the boy while he prepared the meal?

    A9. The woman wanted to demonstrate her trust in the boy and gave him space.

    Q10. What was the woman’s occupation?

    A10. The woman worked at a hotel beauty shop, where she attended to various clients, including blonds, redheads, and Spanish women.


  • 1st Year English CH-3: “Dark They were, and Golden Eyed”

    1st Year English CH-3:  “Dark They were, and Golden Eyed” Questions Answers Notes

    Short an easy questions and answers

    Q1. Why did Harry want to return to Earth?

    A1. Harry wanted to leave Mars because he found the Martian climate dangerous.

    Q2. Why did he ultimately decide to stay?

    A2. There was no way back to Earth, so he and his family had to stay on Mars.

    Q3. What kind of climate did they encounter on Mars?

    A3. They faced a severe climate, with very hot summers, which had a transforming effect on them.

    Q4. How did the Bittering family react upon hearing the news of the war on Earth?

    A4. The news was hard to believe, and they became deeply disturbed. Harry was consumed by fear.

    Q5. What did they plan to cultivate on Mars?

    A5. They aimed to grow Earth’s vegetables and fruits on Mars.

    Q6. What advice did Harry give to the people?

    A6. Harry suggested building a rocket to return to Earth because the Martian climate was unsuitable.

    Q7. How dangerous can a Martian virus be?

    A7. A Martian virus can be extremely dangerous, capable of altering a person’s appearance and causing harm.

  • 1st Year English CH-2: Clearing in the Sky

    1st Year English CH-2:  Clearing in the Sky Questions Answers Notes

    Short an easy questions and answers
    Q1. Why didn’t the old man follow the doctors’ advice?
    A1. 
    The old man didn’t follow the doctors’ advice because he believed that if he stopped working, he would die soon.

    Q2. What did the doctor tell the old man?
    A2. 
    The doctor informed the old man that he had limited time left and should rest at home.

    Q3. Where did the old man take his son?
    A3. 
    The old man took his son to the mountaintop.

    Q4. Had the son been to the mountaintop before?
    A4. 
    Yes, except for the last three years, the son had visited the mountaintop multiple times.

    Q5. What vegetables did the old man grow on his farm?
    A5. 
    The old man grew potatoes, yams, and tomatoes on his farm.

    Q6. Why did the old man choose the steep path?
    A6. 
    The old man took the steep path to assess his physical fitness.

    Q7. Why did the six-year-old son cry?
    A7.
     The son cried because he lost his little wooden plough in a furrow.

    Q8. How did the old man feel at the age of seventy?
    A8.
     At seventy, the old man felt that he had lived most of his life, and memories were now his treasure. He wanted to enjoy his remaining days by revisiting old places.

    Q9. Why did the old man plant his secret garden?
    A9. 
    The old man planted his secret garden on rich soil different from his regular land to enhance the flavors of yams, tomatoes, and potatoes.


  • 1st Year English CH-1: Button Button

    1st Year English CH-1:  Button Button Questions Answers Notes

    Short an easy questions and answers

    Q1. Why did Norma find Mr. Steward offensive?
    A1.
     Norma found Mr. Steward offensive because of his tone and attitude.

    Q2. Why did Arthur disagree with his wife?
    A2. 
    Arthur disagreed with his wife because he didn’t want to harm anyone.

    Q3. Why did Norma persuade her husband to accept the offer?
    A3
    . Norma wanted to improve their lifestyle, so she persuaded him to accept the offer of $50,000.

    Q4. What reasons did Norma give for accepting the offer?
    A4
    . Norma thought it might be psychological research or a game by a millionaire.

    Q5. Why did Mr. Steward keep persuading Norma?
    A5
    . Mr. Steward wanted Norma to go through with the experiment.

    Q6. What message did Norma receive when she pushed the button?
    A6
    . The message informed her of her husband’s subway accident and his death.

    Q7. Why was Arthur’s insurance policy significant?
    A7.
     Arthur’s life insurance policy was important because it would double in case of an accident.

    Q8. How did Norma react to the news of her husband?
    A8
    . Norma was deeply affected, becoming confused and unable to breathe upon hearing the news of her husband’s death.

  • 2nd Year English CH-15: Mustafa Kamal

    2nd Year English CH-15:  Mustafa Kamal Questions Answers Notes

    Q1: What the attitude of the Turkish government towards the allies after World War-I?

    Ans: The war was over. Throughout the entire near and Middle East the armies of the democracies had been hailed not so much as conquerors, but as deliverers. The Turks themselves were only too glad to be able to lay down arms after almost continuous fighting since 1911. A government formed from the old Liberals was in power in Istanbul, its members and the Padishah himself alike eager to collaborate with the Allies; their conception of the best interests of the nation was that of loyalty to the Armistice and co-operation with the occupying forces of the conquerors.

    Q2: Why was Mustafa Kamal sent to Anatolia?

    Ans: The war was over, but in Eastern Anatolia revolts started against the foreign invasion and occupation. The fight increased day by day. Mustafa Kamal was sent there to put down these revolts.

    Q3: What was the reaction of the Turkish patriots to the intention of the allies to partition the Ottoman Empire?

    Ans: To all Turkish patriots these events meant that there was only one policy to be pursued. Even those most friendly to the Allies were infuriated by this foreign occupation of the richest and most essentially Turkish of their provinces- Turkish patriotism was no longer vague and undecided, it was a flame burning in the health of men and women of all classes – a flame of indignation not of hatred. Even during cruel wars the Turks and the Greeks never hated each other, and among the Greeks there was little enthusiasm for the Anatolian adventure.

    Q4: Write a note on Mustafa Kamal’s activities in Anatolia.

    Ans: Mustafa Kamal set out to tour the villages, preaching resistance and in every place appointing representatives to form centers of patriotic revolt. Yet even the energy and personality of Mustafa Kamal would not have been so effective had not news arrived that the Greeks were advancing. Everywhere the local Turks vowed that death was preferable to rule by Greeks.

    Q5: Why did Mehmet order Mustafa Kamal to return to Constantinople?

    Ans: As soon as Mehmet heard of these activities he ordered Mustafa Kamal to “”return. The patriot’s reply was a long personal telegram to the Padishah urging him, as leader of his people, to come over to Anatolia and himself take the lead against the Greeks and all the foreign enemies-it would be Mehmet’s last chance to save himself, the Throne of his fore- fathers and the Turkish nation. But Mehmet’s conception of the best interests of Turkey was co-operation with the powerful conquerors. In these circumstances the only imaginable reply to Mustafa Kamal’s invitation was a peremptory command: the rebel must report himself immediately to Istanbul. Back along the wire went the most momentous telegram in the history of the Ottoman Empire: “I shall stay in Anatolia until the nation has won its Independence.”

    Q6: What was Mustafa Kamal’s reply?

    Ans: As soon as Mehmet heard of these activities he ordered Mustafa Kamal to return. The patriot’s reply was a long personal telegram to the Padishah urging him, as leader of his people, to come over to Anatolia and himself take the lead against the Greeks and all the foreign enemies-it would be Mehmet’s last chance to save himself, the Throne of his fore- fathers and the Turkish nation. But Mehmet’s conception of the best interests of Turkey was co-operation with the powerful conquerors. In these circumstances the only imaginable reply to Mustafa Kamal’s invitation was a peremptory command: the rebel must report himself immediately to Istanbul. Back along the wire went the most momentous telegram in the history of the Ottoman Empire: nation has won its I shall stay in Anatolia until the Independence.

    Q7: How did Mehmet try to regain Anatolia for himself?

    Ans: He said that the nationalists can come to Istanbul from Anatolia and form a government of their own. He also said that the delegates in Anatolia can shift their activities to Istanbul and put Mustafa Kamal’s ideas in practice. This was just a trick to shift nationalists to Istanbul. Mehmet was not sincere in doing SO.

    Q8: Why did his plan fail?

    Ans: The plan was failed because Mustafa Kamal saw through the intention of Mehmet IV. He refused to go back and said that the government should sit in the upland town of Ankara.

    Q9: What were the terms offered to Turkey by the Allies?

    Ans: All the Arab provinces were to become Mandated Territories; the whole of Eastern Anatolia was to be added to the state of Armenia; around Izmir was to be a large Greek district; Cicilia was to go to the French; the Ottoman capital itself was to be an international centre under the control of Britain, France and Italy. Only the immediate hinterland of Istanbul was to remain of the once extensive “Turkey in Europe.”

    Q10: Give an account of the Greek attack and its defeat.

    Ans: On the 21st August, 1921, the Greeks attacked. In the mountain country above the Sakarya river, some fifty kilo- metres west of Ankara the two valiant people fought almost man to man for fourteen days under the burning heat of the sun, the Greeks attacking with reckless abandon, the Turks hanging grimly on the heights, Mustafa Kamal now their Commander-in-Chief. By the 4th of September the critical moment had come: the Greeks were at the end of their strength. On the 12th they crossed the Sakarya and began to retire steadily, but there was no question of the Turks immediately following up their advantage. It was not till the end of August, 1922 that Mustafa Kamal was able to sound his famous battle-call: “Soldiers: Your goal is the Mediterranean.

    Q11: Give an account of the departure of Mehmet from Istanbul.

    Ans: It was the 17th of November, 1922. A British motor ambulance drew up at a side-door of the palace where Mehmet was staying. Some baggage was brought out of the palace and placed in the car. An elderly man followed. A British Officer took the old gentleman’s umbrella as he entered the vehicle. The door was closed and the ambulance drove away. The last of the Sultans was on his way to exile.

    Q12: Describe the reforms introduced by Mustafa Kamal with reference to

    (1) The position of women
    (2) Removal of illiteracy
    (3) Change in dresses (4) Adoption of the roman script and
    (5) The industrial and economic development. Ans: 1. The position of women: He abolished veil and addressed the men on the subject of women right. He urged women to get higher education and said that they should be instructed in every field of life.

    1. Removal of Illiteracy: He was determined to break down
      this barrier, Mustafa Kamal declared the old script to be
      abolished and replaced by the Roman script. Thereupon he set
      out on a series of tours round the country to demonstrate, chalk
      in hand, how the new script should be used. The whole
      population went back to school. Nor was Mustafa Kamal a
      lenient master. He tested people on the most unexpected
      occasions, naming a day, not far ahead, by which everyone
      was to have learned the new script.
    2. Change in Dresses: No less revolutionary was the abolition in 1925 of the national head-dress, called the Fez. The Fez was in origin Greek, but it had come to be associated closely with Turkish life. When the wearing of hats was made compulsory there were barely enough to go round, so that the houses of the foreigners were ransacked and men even went about in Paris models. It was reported from Izmir that in a village nearby, the peasants unable to obtain bowlers, or caps, discovered in the closed shop of a departed Armenian
    3. haberdasher a stock of ladies’ summer hats, and seizing the entire selection, wore them, ribbons, feathers and all.
    4. Adoption of the Roman Script: Removal of Illiteracy: He was determined to break down this barrier, Mustafa Kamal declared the old script to be abolished and replaced by the Roman script. Thereupon he set out on a series of tours round the country to demonstrate, chalk in hand, how the new script should be used. The whole population went back to school. Nor was Mustafa Kamal a lenient master. He tested people on the most unexpected occasions, naming a day, not far ahead, by which everyone was to have learned the new script.
    5. The Industrial and Economic Development: No less great was the economic advance. In 1919, there was only one railway in Turkey, and judged by modern standards no roads at all. Mustafa Kamal inaugurated great development and construction schemes both for railways and motor roads. In 1919, there were 150 factories in Turkey, in 1933, 2000, while the Turkish Five-Year Plan, inaugurated in 1934, encouraged heavy industry still further. The banking system was organized and the Ottoman public debt (taken over from the Sultanate by the new Republic) was reduced to one-tenth of its former size. All this was achieved without further borrowing.

    6. Q13: Sum up in a few sentences the work of Mustafa Kamal as a great leader nation-builder.
    7. Ans: The changes in all branches of Turkish life have been stupendous. It would be no exaggeration to say that at the time that Mustafa Kamal set to work, the mental and political development of the masses in Turkey was on a level with that of the people of Western Europe in the mid-eighteenth century. The Turks have now traversed in a few years the road which the people of Western Europe took 150 years to travel. The thorough democratization of the nation and the awakening of the people and the unchaining of their powers has been the work of Mustafa Kamal.

    Multiple Choice Questions

    1. What was the reaction of Turkish at the end of the war?
      A. They welcomed the conquerors

      B. They resisted
      C. They had no choice
      D. None of these
    2. A general massacre of the American is expected. The underlined word means
      A. Appreciation
      B. Killing
      C. Welcome
      D. Arrival
    3. The houses of the foreigners were ransacked. underlined word means
      The
      A. Destroyed
      B. Built
      C. Attacked
      D. Searched
    4. Choose the correct spelling.
      A. Peremptory

      B. Premptory
      C. Permptory
      D. Paremptory
    5. This is the house where we live. The underlined part is a/an
      A. Phrase
      B. Clause
      C. Predicate
      D. Complement
    6. May you live long! Is a/an
      A. Assertive sentence
      C. Imperative sentence
      B. Exclamatory sentence
      D. Interrogative sentence
    7. Night came on rain fall heavily.The underlined part is a/an
      A. Coordinate clause

      B. Subordinate clause
      C. Phrase
      D. Complement
  • 2nd Year English CH-14: Louis Pasteur

    2nd Year English CH14: Louis Pasteur Questions Answers Notes

    Q1: Describe the early life of Pasteur.

    Ans: Pasture was born at Dole in the Jura district of France in 1822. He was sent to school at the Communal College. He graduated in science and Arts from Besancon and was given a post on the college staff. In 1842, he came out 14th on the list in entrance exam to great Ecole Normale in Paris. He refused following year. In 1848, he became deputy professor of chemistry in the University of Strasburg. He married in 1850.

    Q2: Give some instances of Pasteur’s patriotism.

    Ans: Pasteur was perhaps when more of a patriot then of a scientist. In 1848, when Europe was politically up heaved, Pasteur enrolled himself in the National Guard and gave all his world wealth of 150 francs, for his country. In 1870 he again tried to enroll himself in National Guard, but was refused because he was paralyzed in 1868. He returned the degree of doctor of inedicine bestowed on him by the University of Boo. Because in 1970. France and Germany plunged into was

    Q3: What do we mean by spontaneous generation?

    Ans: Spontaneous generation is a theory which says that living beings can come into existence from non-living things. The theory was proved wrong by Pasteur.

    Q4: How did Pasteur prove that spontaneous generation was not a fact?

    Ans: In 1860, the French Academy offered a prize for the solution of the problem whether spontaneous generation was or was not a fact, and Pasteur entered for the competition, and settled the matter once and for all in the negative, proving that if a substance he sufficiently heated to destroy all life and if the air in contact with it be filtered, so that it is free of germs, then the substance does not alter, i.e., bacteria do not develop in it.

    Q5: Describe the importance and popularity of the silkworm industry in France. What help did Pasteur render in curing the silkworm disease in his country?

    Ans: The keeping of silkworm was one of the chief home industries of the peasantry part of France. People kept silkworms in best rooms of the houses and took a very good care of them. In 1849, the industry was attacked by disease Pasteur researched and found out the solution to the problem.

    Q6: How did Pasteur discover the treatment for the cattle disease, Anthrax?

    Ans: In 1877, at the age of fifty-five he began to study the cattle-disease named Anthrax. It had already been suggested that this was due to a germ, and Pasteur finally proved the truth of this theory and, further worked out preventive treatment. He cultivated the anthrax bacillus in such a way that it became only mildly poisonous and proved that these weakened germs introduced into an animal’s blood gave rise to only slight symptoms of anthrax and protected the animal from taking the deadly form, much in the same way as vaccination prevents smallpox.

    Q7: How did Pasteur discover the method of making vaccines?

    Ans: In 1879, whilst working at fowl-cholera and on his return found all his cultivations of the germs dead or dying. He proceeded in inoculate various birds with those dead or dying germs and found that the birds showed signs of illness but recovered. The idea then occurred to him of inoculating them with a fresh lot of virulent germs of chicken-cholera, and he was amazed at the result, viz., that the birds still resisted the disease, though others, which had not been previously dosed with die exhausted germs died.

    Q8: Give an account of Pasteur’s treatment of Hydrophobia and how he cured the first patient suffering from it.

    Ans: In 1885, a boy, Joseph Meister, was brought to Paris for treatment from a little place in Alsace. He had been bitten by a mad dog two days before. Now, human beings do not as a rule develop hydrophobia for a month or so after being bitten, and Pasteur, being as usual extremely anxious to ward off suffering, undertook the treatment of the boy by inoculations, which were continued for ten days. Meanwhile the boy was hardly ill at all and played about the laboratory very happily, though Pasteur was devoured by fears and anxiety about the results. However, the boy was absolutely cured, and two months later a shepherd, who had been bitten by a mad dog, was similarly cured, and three months later three hundred and fifty cases had been treated, with only one death.

    Q9: How did Pasteur show the way to other scientists? Give an account of the discoveries.

    Ans: Pasteur provoked other scientists to work on disease. In 1860 he proved the theory of spontaneous generation wrong. In 1865 he saved silkworm industry. In 1877 the cured anthrax in animais. In 1879 he discovered method of vaccine. In 1885 the Pasteur applied inoculation of Hydrophobia or Rabies on human being. This was the last of Pasteur’s discoveries, but his success stirred up other scientists to try similar methods to cure diseases.

    Additional Questions Answers

    Q1: How did Pasteur provoked other scientist? What was the result?

    Ans: The treatment of Hydrophobia or Rabies was the last of Pasteur’s great discoveries, its results were by no means confined to the cure of hydrophobia, for the fame of his success stirred up other scientists to try similar methods of cure for other diseases, and in the ten years between 1880 and 1890 they discovered the germs of consumption, diphtheria, typhoid, lock-jaw, cholera, and Malta fever.

    Q2: How did Pasteur bring the facts of disease from supernatural to natural?

    Ans: It had been well said that Pasteur “brought the facts of disease and death from the realm of the supernatural and miraculous into the realm of the natural. Disease and death were the great mysteries, where the occult held sway. The malign and mysterious influence of the moon caused lunacy: there was the evil eye with its morbific powers; in fever and in epilepsy the body was possessed by demons; tuberculosis was the King’s Evil, to be cured by the “Sovereign touch.” Far more than all other men, Pasteur abolished for ever these superstitions”.

    Multiple Choice Questions

    1. Inflammation of wounds caused amputation necessary
      A. Fermentation
      B. Cutting of limb
      C. Cultivation
      D. Plantation
    2. Pasteur discovered the method of attenuating germs. Theunderlined word means
      A. Cultivating
      B. Killing
      C. Weakening
      D. Producing
    3. Pasteur cultivated anthrax bacillus. The underlined word means
      A. A rod-shaped bacteria

      B. A germ
      D. Inflammation
      C. Wound
    4. France was on the verge of war with Germany. The underlined phrase means
      A. At war
      B. Against
      C. Busy
      D. Near
    5. They were talking to one another. The underlined word is a/an
      A. Emphatic pronoun
      B. Reciprocal pronoun
      C. Interrogative pronoun
      D. Personal pronoun
    6. He is a man whom we all respect. The underlined part is
      a/an
      A. Noun clause
      C. Adjective clat se
      B. Adverb clause
      D. Noun phrase
    7. If he comes, we will go for a long drive. The underlined part is clause
      A. Main clause
      B. Adjective clause
      C. Noun clause
      D. Conditional clause
  • 2nd Year English CH-13: Sir Alexander Fleming

    2nd Year English CH-13: Sir Alexander Fleming Method Questions Answers Notes

    Q1: What are antiseptics and what is the antiseptic method?

    Ans: Antiseptics are chemical that kills germs. Antiseptic method is a method in which antiseptic chemicals are used to free tools from germs. Mostly there antiseptics are use to wash medical fools to prevent the germs getting into the body of patients.

    Q2: What was the chief defect of antiseptic method?

    Ans: The chief defect of antiseptic method was that it killed the germs and also destroyed the body cells, called leucocytes which fight against disease. Antiseptics killed these resistive body cells which was not a good thing for the patient.

    Q3: What part is played by the white cells in the blood of a human body?

    Ans: The white cells are also called leucocytes. They protect the body form the attack of diseases. They are the natural armour against germs which attack the body. The disease is basically a fight between leucocytes and the attacking germs.

    Q4: Give an account of the early life of Fleming.

    Ans: Alexander Fleming was born on a farm near Darvel, in Ayrshire, on August 6, 1881. He was the youngest of a family of eight. His father died when he was seven years old, and his eldest brother, Hugh, took over the management of the farm. Alexander was then still going to the village school. At ten he went to. Darvel School, and stayed till he was twelve. That was the age-limit. The question was then discussed whether he should continue his education or go back to the land. It was decided to keep him at school, and he went to Kilmarnock Academy. At fourteen he went to London, and for the next two years he studied at the Regent Street Polytechnic.

    Q5: Describe how Fleming discovered penicillin.

    Ans: Fleming was growing colonies of germs on cultural plates spread with agar. Plates were covered, but when he uncovered one of them, a piece of fungus came flying from somewhere and dropped on the plate. It began to grow, and the microbes (germs) round it began to disappear. It was a new discovery which killed germs. He called it penicillin.

    Q6: In what respect is penicillin better than the chemical antiseptics?

    Ans: Other antiseptics including carbolic acid killed leucocytes with the white cells of the body along germs. On the other hand penicillin killed germs only and did not harm leucocytes or white cells of the body. These white cells defend body against disease.

    Q7: What do you know of the Oxford team?

    Ans: The Oxford team included trained chemists as well as bacteriologists, and had all the equipment that Fleming had lacked; yet it was a long, hard struggle before they succeeded in producing a practical concentration of penicillin. The first human cases were treated in 1941, and the problem then became a matter of production. One of the Oxford team went to America, where new methods of manufacturing were discovered, and in 1943 penicillin reached the Eighth Army in Egypt. In the words of Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, “The healing of war wounds was revolutionized.” Penicillin arrived just in time to save countless lives. It was easily the strongest weapon yet forged in the fight against disease.

    Q8: How did they make penicillin more effective?

    Ans: In its crude from, penicillin was unstable and could not be used for treatment. Fleming could not produce medicine with the help of penicillin because he had no necessary equipments for this purpose The oxford team went to America, where they discovered new me” uds to make penicillin more effective.

    Q9: Write a note on penicillin as a wonder drug.

    Ans: Penicillin was hailed a wonder drug. The healing of wounds was revolutionized. It proved the strongest weapon against the germs. It helped the doctors to save wounds from germs without harming the useful cells (white cells or leucocytes) of the body.

    Q10: Was Fleming proud of his discovery?

    Ans: Fleming protested that such gratitude was not due to him. “Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives,” he said, “I don’t know why they do it. I didn’t do anything; Nature makes penicillin. I just found it.” It was not just modesty that made him say this. It was a restatement of his belief in the healing power of Nature. He protested vigorously against the idea that penicillin was a man-made invention. I have been accused of inventing penicillin, but no man could have done that. Nature, in the form of a lowly vegetable, has been making it for thousands of years. I only discovered it.” And always he insisted that he discovered it by chance.

    Q11: Why couldn’t penicillin have been discovered in the research laboratories of America?

    Ans: The Americans visited the laboratory and were amazed. One said it was “like the backroom of an old-fashioned drug store.” He found it hard to believe that penicillin could have been discovered there. Fleming laughed, and in Detroit, where he was shown over the last word in research laboratories-a gleaming, dustless, air-conditioned, sterilized sanctum-he shocked his hosts by saying, “Wonderful, but penicillin could never have been discovered in a lab like this.” When they saw the point they could not deny it. Their culture plates were never contaminated, for the air was too pure: there was no way in for spores of a common mould.

    Q12: Fleming’s achievement paved the way for other discoveries in the medical field. What are they?

    Ans: Fleming’s achievement was not only the discovery of penicillin. As the Surgeon-General of the United States Forces said, “Fleming, like Pasteur, has opened up a whole new world of science.” He founded the antibiotic-that is, growth inhibiting treatment of disease. He provoked others to seek new antibiotics, and all research-workers to be on the lookout for them, particularly in moulds and fungi; and out of these researches, which but for Fleming would not have been started came new drugs, made by nature and at last discovered by man, of which the best known at present is streptomycin. Fleming himself regarded this as the most important result of his work. Even before penicillin was in general use, he said, “The greatest benefit penicillin has conferred is not to the drug itself but the fact that its discovery has stimulated new research to find something better.

    Multiple Choice Questions

    1. Who discovered germs?
      A. Fleming
      B. Pasteur
      C. Metchnikoff
      D. Lister
    2. Alexander’s brother was an Oculist. The underlined word means
      A. Physician
      B. Cardiologist
      C. Optician
      D. Dentist
    3. A mould spore dropped on the plate. The underlined phrase can b replaced by which word?
      A. A piece of string
      B. A piece of cotton
      C. Fungus
      D. A dust particle
    4. Choose the correct spelling.
      A. Vaccine
      B. Vaccine
      C. Vacsinne
      D. Vaccinne
    5. The man waited till the night came. The underlined part is a/an
      A. Main clause
      B. Subordinate douse
      C. Relative clause
      D. Complement
    6. My uncle, a businessman, lives in Karachi. The underlined part is a/an
      A. Main clause
      B. Subordinate clause
      C. Appositive phrase
      D. Appositive clause
    7. Zeeshan bought Hina a bunch of flower. The underlined part is a/an
      A. Direct object
      B. Indirect object
      C. Complement
      D. Relative clause
  • 2nd Year English CH-12: Hitch Hiking Across the Sahara

    2nd Year English CH-12: Hitch Hiking Across the Sahara Questions Answers Notes

    Q1: Give an idea of the size of the Sahara. How does it compare with England?

    Ans: If a giant were to pick England up and put it down in the middle of the Sahara desert, we should have quite a task to find it. The full Sahara area, stretching almost the complete width of North Africa, is many times the size of Great Britain.

    Q2: What had Christopher’s foster mother to do with his desire to see distant places?

    Ans: When he was a child, every time he was naughty, his foster-mother used to threaten to send him to Timbuktu (an ancient city in the heart of French Africa), instead of alarming him, the idea aroused in him a keen desire to see his distant Place.

    Q3:How did he manage to get a seat in the weapons carrier?

    Ans: Fast moving weapons’ canier over tock them. Christopher stopped it and begged the lieutenant in charge to relieve him from the misery of slowly baking to death at twenty railes an hour. The lieutenant pointed out those strict military regulations forbade the canying of civilians. Christopher replied by producing a permit from the War Ministry giving him permission to join the French Foreign Legion for a short period in order to collect material for an articie. The permission had later been withdrawn, but fortunately the lieutenant did not turn the paper over and see the “Cancelled” stamp.

    Q4: What was the most noticeable feature of the desert city, named Ghardaya?

    Ans: Ghardaya, a typical desert city, the flies found there were more numerous and stickier than they were anywhere else. Anything that had a remotest relationship with food was always covered with flies. They had no hesitation in following the food right into your mouth and one had to be vigilant until mouthful was behind one’s teeth. Many children, with their faces covered with the masks of flies, were seen in streets.


    Q5: How did they manage to drive the heavy truck in the trackless desert with its, soft sand?

    Ans: It was difficult travelling. At times the sand became too soft to bear the weight of the heavy truck. It was then necessary to stop at once. If the wheels had been allowed to spin they would have dug themselves deeper. Ten-foot strips of steel mesh were dragged from the truck and placed together to make a runway for the wheels to bite on as the truck moved. When it reached harder ground the strips were collected up and dragged forward to the waiting truck. Christopher performed useful service in helping the greaser with this arduous operation.

    Q6: What did the driver of the truck tell Christopher about three Englishmen who had attempted to cross the desert?

    Ans: The driver added to the discomfort of the journey by relating details of a recent case in which three English people had attempted to cross a part of the desert in a car with only one day’s water-supply. Their car had been stuck in a sand dune, and three days later their bodies were found dried up like leaves. They had drained the radiator in their desperate thirst, and one of them tried to drain the oil from the crank-case. He had been one of the search party, and he spared his listener none of the grim details.

    Q7: Give an account of the little town, named El-Golea, and compare it with In Salah, bringing out the difference between the two.

    Ans: El Golea was a fascinating little town, a true oasis, with so much water available that they hardly knew what to do with it. We very day of the week that he was there, Christopher spent hours bathing in a little pool half a kilometer away from the centre of the town. On the other hand, in Salah was full of desert. In Salah is fighting a desperate battle of survival and perhaps losing the contest. The sand is constantly encroaching the town.

    Q8: What do you know of Professor Claude Balanguernon?

    Ans: Claude Balanguemon was a French man and professor by profession. He taught taureg people. He was a friend of Christopher and helped him a lot during his tour to the Sahara desert.

    Q9: Describe the events leading to the killing of a camel. What sort of water did they get from its stomach?

    Ans: On his way to Kidal, Christopher two Taurags and a slave ran short of water. They went to one waterhole, it was empty. The next was two days away and the travelers had neither food nor water. They decided to kill a camel and get water. A camel was killed and the water that they got of it, was hard to drink but they managed to drink it, that is how they survived.

    Q10: Describe the journey through the land of Thirst and Death.

    Ans: Before searching Timbuktu, they passed through the desert area named Kidal. It was rightly called the land of thirst and death. The area was notorious for sand storms and dried up waterhole. While collecting stones to place in the fire, for the kettle or pan to stand on. He (Christopher) found a snake and was hardly saved from it.

    Q11: Describe the stay at In Abbangarit. How did Christopher manage to get water there?

    Ans: In Abbangarit, there was no building and the only mud structure building was a bordj. Christopher had no bucket and rope to get water from well. He had a recording machine with a long wire. He made a rope of it and managed to take water out of a well by tying the teapot with this wire-rope.

    Additional Questions Answers


    Q1: Why was In Salah losing its identity?

    Ans: In Salah was sinking in the ocean of the sand. Most parts were disappearing. Palm trees, those once stood high, were now like bushes. Some were completely covered with sand. Christopher had to bend down to pick some dates off the trees.

    Q2: How did Christopher saved him from the sand  storm?

    Ans: His companions made signs for him to hide, himself behind his camel and cover his head. He did so, but the force of the storm when it struck was too great to be avoided. Even with the camel’s body as a shield, he could feel the impact of the wall of sand that came streaming along the earth. The wind found even the smallest opening in my clothes, and the sand felt like little needles. There was nothing he could do but crouch down waiting for the storm to finish, while the sand steadily piled up on top of him. He found himself recalling a true story that just such a sandstorm, many years earlier, had completely buried a huge caravan of 1200 camels without leaving a trace of them.

    Multiple Choice Questions

    1. To place steel mesh under the wheels of truck was arduous. The underlined word means
      A. Ordinary
      B. Hard
      C.Easy
      D. Comfortable
    2. The desert was encroaching in In Salah. The underlined word means
      A. Crawling
      B. Engulfing
      C. Appreciating
      D. None of these
    3. For what purpose Camel was slaughtered?
      A. For water

      B. For food
      C. For minimizing the animals
      D. For meat
    4. Choose the correct spelling
      A. Wanderlust

      B. Wonderlust
      C. Wenderlust
      D. Wandarlust
    5. The boy wants to go home. The underlined phrase is a/an
      A. Verb phrase
      B. Noun phrase
      C. Adverb phrase
      D. Prepositional phrase
    6. He talked to me in a rude manner. The underlined part is
      a/an
      A. Noun phrase
      B. Adverb clause
      C. Adverb phrase
      D. Prepositional phrase
    7. He is poor but he does not beg. The underlined part is a/an
      A. Subordinate clause
      B. Coordinate clause
      C. Noun phrase
      D. Adjective phrase
  • 2nd Year English CH-11: First Year at Harrow

    2nd Year English CH-11: First Year at Harrow Questions Answers Notes

    Q1: Writer of ‘First Year at Harrow’?

    Ans: Sir Winston Churchill

    Q2: Are examiners justified in asking questions that students can’t answer?

    Ans: Partially true, mainly a complaint of less diligent students. Hardworking students can answer any question.

    Q3: What questions do examiners ask?

    Ans: Examiners ask a mix of easy and difficult questions to distinguish diligent students from others.

    Q4: Why didn’t Churchill do well in exams?

    Ans: He preferred poetry and essay writing, but the examiners focused on Latin and Mathematics, which he couldn’t answer.

    Q5: How did Churchill handle his Latin paper?

    Ans: He did it poorly, only writing his name, “question 1,” and adding smudges to the paper.

    Q6: Gain or loss: Learning English, not Latin and Greek at Harrow?

    Ans: Gain. Learning English helped him earn a livelihood and a promising career.

    Q7: What did Churchill learn during his three years at Harrow?

    Ans: He learned the basic rules of English, which proved crucial for his future career.

    Q8: How did Churchill’s knowledge of English benefit him in later years?

    Ans: His knowledge of English was invaluable, as it helped him in practical life and made him a successful politician.

    Q9: What happened to boys who had learned Latin and Greek?

    Ans: Those who learned Latin and Greek had to relearn English to earn a livelihood.

    Q10: Churchill’s advice on learning English?

    Ans: Churchill advises all English boys to learn English first, and then learn Latin as an honor and Greek as a treat.

    Q11: Who was Mr. Weldon?

    Ans: Mr. Weldon was the head of Harrow, and Churchill had great respect for him.

    Q12: Who was Mr. Somervell and how did he teach English?

    Ans: Mr. Somervell was a delightful English teacher at Harrow who used colored ink markers to teach English.