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  • 10th Class biology Chapter 11: Homeostasis

    10th Class Chapter 11: Homeostasis Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for class 10 biology chapter 11 notes on the internet. The notes are well written, clear and organized in an easy to understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you’ll find a download button to make your life easier. These User Interaction Notes for Class 10 Biology Chapter 11 are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 biology notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1 What are the major organs involved in homeostasis in human body? State the role of each organ?
    Ans.     Human beings have highly developed organs for homeostasis which are:
    (i) Lungs
    (ii) Skin
    (iii) Kidneys
    Lungs remove excess carbon dioxide and keep it in balance. Skin performs role in maintenance of body temperature and also removes excess water and salts. Kidneys filter excess water, salts, urea, uric acid etc. from the blood and form urine.


    Q.2 What is Bowman’s capsule?
    Ans.     One end of the renal tubule is blind and attains a cup shaped structure called Bowman’s capsule that encloses glomerulus.


    Q.3 Define Homeostasis.
    Ans.     Homeostasis may be defined as the maintenance of the internal conditions of body in equilibrium, despite changes in the external environment e.g. the core temperature of human body remains at about 37°C despite fluctuations in the surrounding air temperature.


    Q.4 Define osmoregulation.
    Ans.     It is defined as the maintenance of the amounts of water and salts in body fluids i.e., blood and tissue fluids.


    Q.5 Define thermoregulation.
    Ans.     The maintenance of internal body temperature is called thermoregulation e.g., human body temperature is kept constant at 37°C..


    Q.6 Define Excretion.
    Ans.     The process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from body to maintain the internal conditions at equilibrium is called excretion e.g., urea, salts of uric acid and water are eliminated out of body through excretion.


    Q.7 Differentiate between transpiration and Guttation.
    Ans    :Transpiration
    i. It is defined as loss of water from plants surface in the form of vapours.
    ii. It occurs through stomata.
    Guttation
    i. It is defined as appearance of drops of water on the tips or edges of leaves.
    ii. It occurs through special pores called hydathodes present at leaf tips or edges.


    Q.8 What are Hydrophytes?
    Ans.     Hydrophytes are the plants which live completely or partially submerged in fresh water e.g.
    water lilly.


    Q.9 What are Xerophytes?
    Ans.     Xerophytes live in dry environment e.g. cacti.


    Q.10 What are Halophytes?
    Ans.     The plants living in sea water and adapted to salty environments are called halophytes e.g.
    different sea grasses.


    Q.11 What is Hilus?
    Ans.     The concave side of kidney faces vertebral column. There is a depression called hilus, near the centre of the concave area of kidney. This is the area of kidney through which ureter leaves kidney and other structures including blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and leave kidney.


    Q.12 What are Renal Pyramids?
    Ans.     Renal medulla consists of several cone-shaped areas called renal pyramids.


    Q.13 What is Renal pelvis?
    Ans.     Renal pyramids project into a funnel-shaped cavity called renal pelvis which is the base of ureter.


    Q.14 What is renal corpuscle?
    Ans.     The part of nephron which is not tubular and has two parts:
    (i) Glomerulus
    (ii) Bowman’s capsule


    Q.15 What is Glomerulus?
    Ans.     Glomerulus is a network of capillaries and is enclosed by a cup shaped structure called Bowman’s capscule.


    Q.16 Define renal tubule.
    Ans.     Tubular part of nephron which starts after Bowman’s capsule is called renal tubule. It is sub divided into following parts:
    i. Proximal convoluted tubule
    ii. Loop of Henle
    iii. Distal convoluted tubule
    iv. Collecting duct


    Q.17 What do you know about proximal convoluted tubule?
    Ans.     First portion of renal tubule is called proximal convoluted tubule.


    Q.18 What is Loop of Henle?
    Ans.     U-shaped part of renal tubule is called Loop of Henle.


    Q.19 What is distal convoluted tubule?
    Ans.     Last portion of renal tubule is called distal convoluted tubule.


    Q.20 What are collecting ducts?
    Ans.     The distal convoluted tubule of many nephrons open in a single collecting duct. Many collecting ducts join together to form several hundred papillary ducts which drain into renal pelvis.


    Q.21 What is a nephron?
    Ans.     The functional unit of the kidney is called nephron. There are over one million nephrons in each kidney.


    Q.22 What is pressure filtration?
    Ans.     The first step of urine formation is pressure filtration. When blood enters the kidney via the
    renal artery it goes to many arterioles, and then to the glomerulus. The pressure of blood is very high and so most of the water, salts, glucose and urea of the blood is forced out of glomerular capillaries.


    Q.23 What do you know about selective reabsorption?
    Ans.     It is the second step of urine formation. In this step, about 99% of the glomerular filtrate is re- absorbed into the blood capillaries surrounding renal tubule. It occurs through osmosis, diffusion and active transport.


    Q.24 What is the tubular secretion?
    Ans.     The third step of urine formation is called tubular secretion. Different ions, creatinine, urea etc. are secreted from blood into the filtrate in renal tubule. This is done to maintain blood at a normal pH
    (7.35-7.45).


    Q.25 What is lithotripsy.
    Ans.     It is the method to remove kidney stones. In this method, non-electrical shock waves from outside are bombarded on the stones in the urinary system. Waves hit the dense stones and break them. Stones become sand like and are passed through urine.


    Q.26 Define dialysis.
    Ans.     Dialysis means the cleaning of blood by artificial ways by using a dialyzer. It is of two types:
    (i) Peritoneal Dialysis
    (ii) Haemodialysis


    Q.27 What is a dialyzer?
    Ans.     In haemodialysis, patient’s blood is pumped though an apparatus called dialyzer. It contains long tube, the walls of which act as semi-permeable membranes. Blood flows through the tubules and during this extra water and wastes move from blood into the dialysis fluid.


    Q.28 What is peritoneal dialysis?
    Ans.     In this type of dialysis, the dialysis fluid is pumped for a time into the peritoneal cavity which is the space around gut. This cavity is lined by peritoneum. Peritoneum contains blood vessels. When dialysis fluid is placed in peritoneal cavity, waste materials from peritoneal blood vessels diffuse into the dialysis fluid, which is then drained out.


    Q.29 What is Haemodialysis?
    Ans.     In haemodialysis, patient’s blood is pumped through an apparatus called dialyzer. It contains long tubing which act as semipermeable membrane. Blood flows through the tubes while the dialysis fluid flows around the tubes. Extra water and wastes move from blood into dialysis fluid. The cleaned blood is returned back to the body.


    Q.30 What is glomerulus filtrate?
    Ans.     In the glomerulus due to high pressure of blood most of the water, salts, glucose and urea of the blood is forced out of glomerular capillaries. This material passes into the Bowman’s capsule and is called glomerular filtrate.


    Q.31 What are papillary ducts?
    Ans.     Many collecting ducts join together to form several hundred papillary ducts which drain into renal pelvis.

    Q.32 What are ureters?
    Ans.     Kidneys filter blood to produce urine and the ureters carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder.


    Q.33 What is urethra?
    Ans.     Urethra is the tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to the outside of body.


    Q.34 What is urinary bladder?
    Ans.     Bladder is an organ of urinary system which temporarily stores urine until it is released from body.


    Q.35 What is urinary system?
    Ans.     Excretory system of human is also called the urinary system. It is composed of:
    i. Pair of kidneys
    ii. Pair of ureters
    iii. Urinary bladder and urethra


    Q.36 Why transpiration does not take place at night?
    Ans.     At night, transpiration usually does not occur because most plants have their stomata closed.


    Q.37 What do you mean by kidney stone?
    Ans.     When urine becomes concentrated, crystals of many salts e.g. calcium oxalate, calcium and ammonium phosphate, uric acid etc are formed in it. Such large crystals cannot pass in urine and form hard deposits called kidney stones. Most stones start in kidneys, some may travel to ureter or urinary bladder.


    Q.38 What is guttation? How does it differ from dew?
    Ans.     Guttation
    (a) Definition
    The appearance of drops of water on the tips or edges of leaves is called guttation. Guttation is not to be confused with dew, which condenses from the atmosphere on to the plant surface.
    (b) Explanation
    Some plants such as grasses and strawberry force this water through special pores, present at leaf tips or edges, and form drops.

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    MCQs

    1.The human urinary system consists of:
    (a) Rectum, lungs, kidneys, ureters
    (b) Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder
    (c) Skin, liver, lungs, kidneys
    (d) Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra


    2.Which organ is responsible for filtering the blood?
    (a) Intestine
    (b) Brain
    (c) Stomach
    (d) Kidney


    3.The tube between kidney and urinary bladder is the:
    (a) Ureter
    (b) Urethra
    (c) Renal tubule
    (d) Nephron


    4.Body balance of water, salts, temperature and glucose is termed as:
    (a) Excretion
    (b) Tubular secretion
    (c) Homeostasis
    (d) Re-absorption


    5.Which is the correct order for the path taken by urine after it leaves the kidneys?
    (a) Urethra, bladder, ureters
    (b) Bladder, ureters, urethra
    (c) Ureters, bladder, urethra
    (d) Bladder, urethra, ureters


    6.What is the function of the ureter?
    (a) To store urine
    (b) To carry urine from the kidney to the bladder
    (c) To carry urine out of the body
    (d) To remove wastes from the blood


    7.What waste products are excreted by kidneys?
    (a) Urea, water & salts
    (b) Salts, water and carbon dioxide
    (c) Urea & water
    (d) Urea & salts


    8.The two main functions of sweat are:
    (a) To keep the body cool and to remove excess proteins
    (b) To keep the body warm and to filter the blood
    (c) To filter the blood and to remove waste products
    (d) To remove waste products and to cool the body


    9.Which would NOT be present in the filtrate entering the Bowman’s capsule of nephron?
    (a) Water
    (b) Calcium ions
    (c) Blood cells
    (d) Urea


    10.During peritoneal dialysis, the waste materials move from:
    (a) The abdomen to the dialysis fluid
    (b) The dialysis fluid to the peritoneum blood vessels
    (c) The peritoneum blood vessels to the dialysis fluid
    (d) The dialysis fluid to the abdomen


    11.Core temperature of human body remains at about:
    (a) 35°C
    (b) 36°C
    (c) 34°C
    (d) 37°C

    12.Calcium oxalate is deposited in the form of crystals in the leaves and stems of:
    (a) Pines
    (b) Tomatoes
    (c) Rubber
    (d) Keekar


    13.Resins are removed by:
    (a) Conifers
    (b) Lady finger
    (c) Grasses
    (d) Keekar


    14.Cacti are examples of:
    (a) Hydrophytes
    (b) Xerophytes
    (c) Halophytes
    (d) None


    15.Organs which work for homeostasis are:
    (a) Lungs
    (b) Skin
    (c) Kidneys
    (d) All of the above


    16.The depression near the centre of concave area of kidney is called:
    (a) Cortex
    (b) Hilus
    (c) Medulla
    (d) Pyramids


    17.U-shaped part of renal tubule is called:
    (a) Renal corpuscle
    (b) Glomerulus
    (c) Loop of Henle
    (d) Bowman’s capsule


    18.Which of following are not filtered through glomerular capillaries:
    (a) Blood cells
    (b) Proteins
    (c) Blood cells and Proteins
    (d) Urea


    19.The typical volume of urine produced by an average adult per day is:
    (a) 1 liter
    (b) 2 liters
    (c) 5 liters
    (d) 1.4 liters


    20.By drinking plenty of water how many stones can be avoided?
    (a) 20%
    (b) 90%
    (c) 50%
    (d) 30%


    21.A method for removing stones in which non-electrical shock waves are bombarded on stones is called:
    (a) Lithotripsy
    (b) Surgery
    (c) Dialysis
    (d) None


    22.Normal pH of blood is maintained at:
    (a) 7.35-7.40
    (b) 7.35-7.45
    (c) 7.30-7.40
    (d) 7.30-7.45


    23.The loss of water in the form of drops from tips of leaf is called:
    (a) Excretion
    (b) Guttation
    (c) Transpiration
    (d) Evaporation


    24.A method for removal of kidney stone is:
    (a) Haemodialysis
    (b) Peritoneal Dialysis
    (c) Lithotripsy
    (d) Kidney transplant


    25.In plants the excess water is removed by:
    (a) Respiration
    (b) Transpiration
    (c) Guttation
    (d) Transpiration and Guttation


    26.The ‘Nephrons’ are mainly made of:
    (a) Renal corpuscle
    (b) Renal tubule
    (c) Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
    (d) Renal pelvis


    27.Which is not the function of kidney?
    (a) pH balance
    (b) Blood pressure
    (c) Composition of blood
    (d) Digestion of proteins

    28.In animals, the excretion of CO₂ takes place by:
    (a) Kidneys
    (b) Stomach
    (c) Lungs
    (d) Liver


    29.Which one is not the part of kidney?
    (a) Medulla
    (b) Cerebellum
    (c) Nephrons
    (d) Glomerulus


    30.Metabolic wastes are eliminated by:
    (a) Respriation
    (b) Excretion
    (c) Homeostasis
    (d) Nutrition


    31.Guttation occurs in:
    (a) Pines
    (b) Tomatoes
    (c) Grasses
    (d) Lady finger


    32.Water is transported by:
    (a) Xylem
    (b) Phloem
    (c) Xylem and Phloem
    (d) Cambium


    33.What is produced during respiration?
    (a) CO₂
    (b) H₂O
    (c) CO2 and H₂O
    (d) N₂


    34.Rubber plant produces:
    (a) Gums
    (b) Mucilage
    (c) Latex
    (d) Resins


    35.Keekar produces:
    (a) Gums
    (b) Mucilage
    (c) Latex
    (d) Resins


    36.Broad leaves are found in:
    (a) Hydrophytes
    (b) Mesophytes
    (c) Xerophytes
    (d) Halophytes


    37.Succulent organs are found in:
    (a) Mesophytes
    (b) Hydrophytes
    (c) Xerophytes
    (d) Halophytes


    38.Uric acid is removed by:
    (a) Skin
    (b) Kidneys
    (c) Kidneys and Skin
    (d) Lungs


    39.Which creates an insulating blanket of warm air?
    (a) Dermis
    (b) Lungs
    (c) Liver
    (d) Goosebumps


    40.Which encloses glomerulus?
    (a) Pyramids
    (b) Loop of Henle
    (c) Bowman’s capsule
    (d) Collecting duct


    41.Amount of urea in normal chemical composition of urea in urine is:
    (a) 9.3 g/l.
    (b) 1.87 g/l
    (c) 1.17 g/l
    (d) 0.75 g/l


    42.%age of Potassium ions in urine is:
    (a) 1.8 g/l
    (c) 1.17 g/l
    (b) 0.75 g/l
    (d) 9.3 g/l


    43.Which is done at home?
    (a) Lithotripsy
    (b) Haemodialysis
    (c) Peritoneal dialysis
    (d) Kidney transplant


    44.Average life for a donated kidney is:
    (a) 8-10 years
    (c) 20 years
    (b) 5 years
    (d) 10-15 years


    45.Hypotonic urine is formed when water in body fluid is:
    (a) Less
    (b) Absent
    (c) In excess
    (d) Not filtered


    46.%age of water in Urine is:
    (a) 90%
    (b) 95%
    (c) 80%
    (d) 100%


    47.The name of the common mineral salt present in sweat is
    (a) Calcium nitrate
    (b) Sodium chloride
    (c) Potassium chloride
    (d) Iron phosphate

    48.In kidney the formation of urine occurs in steps?
    (a) 1
    (b) 2
    (c) 3
    (d) 4


    49.Arterial blood dialysis is also called:
    (a) Lithotripsy
    (b) X-rays
    (c) Haemodialysis
    (d) Kidney transplant


    50.The category of the plants that has adaptations of small and thick leaves to limit water loss is called:
    (a) Hydrophytes
    (c) Xerophytes
    (b) Mesophytes
    (d) Hygrophytes


    51.Who wrote an encyclopedia “Al Tasrif”?
    (a) Abu Nasr-al-Farabi
    (b) Abu al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi
    (c) Bu Ali Sina
    (d) Darwin


    52.Mucilage is secreted in:
    (a) Carnivorous plants
    (b) Lady finger
    (c) Carnivorous plants and Lady finger
    (d) Keekar


    53.The plants which live in sea water and are adapted to salty environments are called:
    (a) Halophytes
    (b) Hydrophytes
    (c) Xerophytes
    (d) Halophytes and Hydrophytes


    54.Excretion is also a process of:
    (a) Respiration
    (b) Co-ordination
    (c) Homeostasis
    (d) Breathing


    55.Despite eating a meal rich in carbohydrates, the blood glucose level remains about:
    (a) 1 g per liter
    (b) 2 g per liter
    (c) 3 g per liter
    (d) 4 g per liter


    56.Approximate weight of a Kidney is:
    (a) 10 grams
    (b) 15 grams
    (c) 20 grams
    (d) 27 grams


    57.The length of each Kidney is:
    (a) 10 cm
    (b) 15 cm
    (c) 20 cm
    (d) 30 cm


    58.Secretions secreted called:
    (a) Resins
    (b) Gums
    (c) Later
    (d) Mucilage

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  • 10th Class Biology Chapter 10: Gaseous Exchange

    10th Class Chapter 10: Gaseous Exchange Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for class 10 biology chapter 10 notes on the internet. The notes are well written, clear and organized in an easy to understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you’ll find a download button to make your life easier. These User Interaction Notes for Class 10 Biology Chapter 10 are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 biology notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1.Differentiate between breathing and cellular respiration?
    Ans. Breathing
    (i) Breathing is used for the process through which animals take air in bodies to get oxygen from it and then give out the air for getting rid of carbon dioxide.
    (ii) It is only the mechanical or physical process for exchange of gases.
    Cellular respiration (Board 2013)
    (i) Cellular respiration is the process in which the C-H bonds in food are broken by oxidation reduction reactions and the energy is transformed into ATP.
    (ii) It is a mechanical and biochemical process.


    Q2. Trace the path of air from the nasal cavity to the alveoli?
    Ans.The following is the path of air:
    Nasal cavity
    pharynx
    larynx
    trachea
    bronchus
    bronchioles→
    alveolar ducts
    alveoli


    Q3. How will you differentiate between stomata and lenticels?
    Ans. Stomata
    (i) The leaves and young stems have stomata in their epidermis.
    (ii) The gaseous exchange occurs through these stomata.
    Lenticels
    (i) In woody stems and mature roots, there are certain pores in the layer of bark.
    (ii) The lenticels allow air to pass through them.


    Q4. What are alveolar ducts?
    Ans. In the lungs, the bronchioles end as fine tubules called the alveolar ducts.


    Q5. Define Alveolus?
    Ans. Within the lungs, each alveolar duct opens into a cluster of pouches called alveoli. The alveoli form the respiratory surface in humans.


    Q6. What is Asthma? Write its symptoms?
    Ans. Asthma is a form of allergy, in which there is inflammation of the bronchi, more mucous production and narrowing of the airways. In asthma patients the bronchi and bronchioles become sensitive to different allergens and patient feels difficulty in breathing. The major symptoms are:
    (i) Shortness of breath
    (ii) Wheezing
    (iii) Cough and chest tightness


    Q7. Define breathing?
    Ans. The term breathing is used for the process through which animals take air in bodies to get oxygen from it and then give out the air for getting rid of carbon dioxide. It is only the mechanical or physical process for exchange of gases.


    Q8. What are bronchioles?
    Ans. The bronchi continue dividing in the lungs until they make several fine tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles progressively lose the cartilages as they become narrower.


    Q9. What is bronchitis?
    Ans. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi or bronchioles. It results in excessive secretion of mucous into the tubes leading to the swelling of tubular walls and narrowing of tubes. It is caused by viruses, bacteria or exposure to chemical irritants e.g. tobacco smoke.


    Q10. Define bronchus?
    Ans. On entering the chest cavity, the trachea divides into two smaller tubes called bronchus. The bronchi also have cartilagenous plates in their walls.


    Q11. Define diaphragm?
    Ans.     A thick muscular structure is present below the lungs is called diaphragm.


    Q12. What is emphysema?
    Ans. Emphysema is the destruction of the wall of the alveoli. It results in larger sacs but with less surface area for gaseous exchange. As lung tissue breaks down, the lungs do not come back to their original shape after exhalation. So air cannot be pushed out and is trapped in the lungs.
    Symptoms
    (i) Shortness of breath
    (ii) Fatigue
    (iii) Recurrent respiratory infections
    (iv) Weight loss


    Q13. What is exhalation?
    Ans. It takes place in the following way:
    Relaxation of rib muscles and diaphragm
    After the gaseous exchange in the lungs, the impure air is expelled out in exhalation. The ribs come back to the original position, the diaphragm muscles also relax and it gets its raised dome
    shape.
    Effect of relaxation
    This reduces the space in the chest cavity and increases the pressure on lungs. The lungs contract and the air is expelled out of them.

    Q14. What is gaseous exchange?
    Ans. Taking in oxygen and giving out of carbon dioxide is termed as gaseous exchange.


    Q15. What is inhalation?
    Ans. It takes place in the following way:
    Contraction of Rib muscles and diaphragm
    During inhalation the rib muscles contract and ribs are raised. At the same time the dome shaped diaphragm contracts and is lowered.
    Effect of contraction
    These movements increase the area of the thoracic cavity, which reduces the pressure on lungs. As a result, the lungs expand and the air pressure within them also decreases. The air from outside rushes into the lungs to equalize the pressure on both sides.


    Q16. Define Larynx?
    Ans. The larynx is a box made up of cartilage. It is present between pharynx and trachea. It is also called voice box.


    Q17. Define lenticels?
    Ans. In woody stems and mature roots, there are certain pores in the layer of bark. The lenticels allow air to pass through them.


    Q18. What is Nasal cavity?
    Ans. The nose encloses the nasal cavity. The, nasal cavity is divided into two portions by a wall. Each portion is lined by fine hairs and mucous which filter the dust particles from the air. The mucous also moistens and warms the incoming air and keeps its temperature usually equal to that of the body.


    Q19. Define Nostrils?
    Ans. Nasal cavity opens to the outside through the openings called the nostrils.


    Q20. What is pneumonia?
    Ans. It is an infection of lungs.
    Double Pneumonia
    If this infection affects both lungs it is called double pneumonia.
    Cause
    The most common cause of pneumonia is bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Some viral and fungal infections may also lead to pneumonia.


    Q21. What is trachea?
    Ans. Larynx continues to the trachea, which is also called the windpipe. It is about 12 cm long tube which lies in front of the oesophagus. There are C-shaped cartilagenous rings in the wall of trachea The cartilage keep the trachea from collapsing even when there is no air in it.


    Q22. Define vocal cord?
    Ans. Two pairs of fibrous bands called vocal cords are stretched across the larynx. The vocal cords vibrate when the air passes through them. This vibration produces sounds.


    Q23. Define epiglottis. Write its function?
    Ans. In the air passageway of man, the glottis is guarded by a flap of tissue is called epiglottis. Epiglottis closes the opening of glottis while swallowing in order to prevent entry of any food particle into it.


    Q24. What are the symptoms of Bronchitis?
    Ans. Symptoms of Bronchitis includes:
    (a) Cough
    (b) Mild wheezing
    (c) Fever
    (d) Chills
    (e) Shortness of breath (Especially when doing hard job)


    Q25. What is Larynx? Write its function?
    Ans. Definition
    The larynx is a box made of cartilage. It is also called the voice box. It is present between pharynx and trachea.
    Function
    Two pairs of fibrous bands called vocal cords are stretched across the larynx. When the air passes through them, the vocal cords vibrate. This vibration produces sounds. Movements of lips, cheeks, tongue and jaws produce specific sounds which results in speech. Speech is an ability of only humans.

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    MCQs

    1.The process of gaseous exchange involves:
    (a) Breakdown of C-H bonds to yield energy
    (b) Physical movements that take air in and out of body
    (c) Getting oxygen from the air and removing carbon dioxide
    (d) Transport of oxygen by the blood to different parts of the body


    2.Most of the gaseous exchange in a leaf occurs through:
    (a) Stomata
    (c) Cuticle
    (b) General surface
    (d) Lenticels


    3.How many bronchi are there in the air passageway?
    (a) One
    (c) Many
    (b) Two
    (d) None


    4.Where does the gaseous exchange occur in humans?
    (a) Pharynx
    (c) Bronchi
    (b) Trachea
    (d) Alveoli


    5.Which structure actively helps in taking the air out of lungs?
    (a) Nasal cavity
    (b) Bronchus
    (c) Bronchiole
    (d) Diaphragm


    6.The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of;
    (a) Carbon dioxide in blood
    (b) Oxygen in blood
    (c) Carbon dioxide in muscles
    (d) Oxygen in muscles


    7.Point out the FALSE statement about respiration.
    (a) Gases can easily pass through the walls of the alveoli
    (b) Gas exchange in lungs is very efficient because lungs provide large surface area
    (c) In emphysema, the walls of alveoli break and there is more surface area
    (d) Dust particles can damage the lung by irritating the inner alveoli surface


    8.A disease involving the breakdown of air sacs of the lungs is;
    (a) Pneumonia
    (c) Asthma
    (b) Bronchitis
    (d) Emphysema


    9.Which process does not occur in the nasal cavity?
    (a) Trapping of large dust particles
    (b) Humidification of the inhaled air
    (c) Warming of the inhaled air
    (d) Exchange of gases


    10.What type of blood vessels surrounds the alveoli?
    (a) Artery
    (c) Capillary
    (b) Arteriole
    (d) Vein


    11.In which of the following gaseous exchange occurs through stomata?
    (a) Leaves and young stems
    (b) Woody stems and mature roots
    (c) Young roots
    (d) Aquatic plants


    12.In humans and other higher animals,the exchange of gases is carried out by:
    (a) Skin
    (b) Respiratory surface
    (c) Air passageway
    (d) Lungs

    13.The length of trachea is:
    (a) 10 cm
    (b) 12 cm
    (c) 22 cm
    (d) 20 cm


    14.C-shaped cartilagenous rings are present in the wall of;
    (a) Bronchi
    (b) Alveoli
    (c) Bronchioles
    (d) Trachea


    15.How many pairs of ribs are there in humans?
    (a) 24
    (b) 12
    (c) 26
    (d) None


    16.How many lobes are present in right lung?
    (a) 2
    (b) 3
    (c) 4
    (d) 5


    17.Which of the following is called voice box?
    (a) Trachea
    (b) Larynx 
    (c) Bronchi
    (d) Alveoli


    18.The normal breathing rate in human being is:
    (a) 10-40 times per minute
    (b) 16-20 times per minute
    (c) 30-40 times per minute
    (d) None of these


    19.During exercise or other hard physical works the breathing rate may increase up to:
    (a) 30-40 times per minute
    (b) 50-60 times per minute
    (c) 50-55 times per minute
    (d) 60-70 times per minute


    20.Amount of oxygen in expired air is:
    (a) 21%
    (b) 16% 
    (c) 0.04%
    (d) 4%

    21.Amount of carbon dioxide in inspired air is:
    (a) 16%
    (b) 0.04%
    (c) 4%
    (d) None


    22.Amount of nitrogen in expired air is:
    (a) 70%
    (b) 80%
    (c) 79%
    (d) 4%


    23.Cough, mild wheezing, fever, chills and shortness of breath (especially when doing hard job) are symptoms of:
    (a) Emphysema
    (b) Pneumonia
    (c) Asthma
    (d) Bronchitis


    24.In which of the following disease, the patient has usually lost 50% to 70% of his/her lung tissue when symptoms appears?
    (a) Pneumonia
    (b) Asthma
    (c) Emphysema
    (d) Bronchitis


    25.Pneumonia is an infection of:
    (a) Kidneys
    (b) Digestive system
    (c) Lungs
    (d) Blood


    26.Which one is the form of allergy?
    (a) Asthma
    (b) Pneumonia
    (c) Bronchitis
    (d) Lung cancer


    27.When the “World No Tobacco Day” is celebrated?
    (a) 30 June
    (c) 11 January
    (b) 31 June
    (d) None


    28.Smoking may also lead to the cancers in:
    (a) Kidneys and pancreas
    (b) Oral cavity and larynx
    (c) Breast and bladder
    (d) All of the above


    29.The destruction of wall of alveoli is called:
    (a) Pneumonia
    (b) Emphysema 
    (c) Asthma


    30.The inflammation of bronchi or bronchioles is called:
    (a) Bronchitis
    (b) Emphysema
    (c) Pneumonia
    (d) Asthma


    31.Which remains unaffected in expired air?
    (a) O2
    (b) CO2
    (c) N2
    (d) Water vapours


    32.In developing world smoking has:
    (a) Decline
    (b) Risen by 5.4%
    (c) No effect
    (d) Risen by 3.4%


    33.In young stems and leaves some gaseous exchange occurs through
    (a) Leaf petioles
    (b) Cuticle
    (c) Leaf petioles and cuticl
    (d) Mesophyll


    34.Exchange of gases occurs through lenticels in;
    (a) Woody stems
    (b) Mature roots
    (c) Woody stems and mature roots
    (d) Young stems


    35.Gases diffuse by general surface in:
    (a) All stems
    (b) Young roots
    (c) All leaves
    (d) Mature roots


    36.Air passageway starts from:
    (a) Nose
    (b) Pharynx
    (c) Trachea
    (d) Bronchi

    37.A flap of tissue which guards glottis is:
    (a) Larynx
    (b) Epiglottis
    (c) Pharynx
    (d) Ribs


    38.Temperature of expired air is:
    (a) High
    (b) Low
    (c) Equal to the body temperature
    (d) Equal to external environment


    39.Cluster of pouches found respiratory system:
    (a) Bronchi
    (b) Alveoli
    (c) Bronchioles
    (d) Trachea


    40.Lungs are organ which are;
    (a) Spongy
    (c) Spongy and elastic
    (d) Tough

    41.Dusky or purplish skin colour is a symptom of:
    (a) Bronchitis
    (b) Emphysema
    (c) Pneumonia
    (d) Asthma


    42.Total chemicals in tobacco smoke are:
    (a) 1000
    (b) 2000
    (c) 3000
    (d) 4000


    43.Tooth loss is times higher in smokers than in non-smokers.
    (a) 2-5 times
    (b) 1-2 times
    (c) 2-3 times
    (d) 4-5 times


    44.Which of the following lessens the oxygen carrying of haemoglobin?
    (a) Tar
    (b) Carbon dioxide
    (c) Nicotine
    (d) Carbon monoxide


    45.A powerful poison which damages brain is:
    (a) Tar
    (b) Nicotine
    (c) Carcinogen
    (d) Carbon monoxide


    46.Function of pleural membrane is to:
    (a) Hold the lungs in their correct position in cavity
    (b) Help to increase the volume of cavity during respiration
    (c) Increase volume of chest
    (d) Secrete to help the lungs


    47.Which one takes deoxygenated blood towards lungs
    (a) Pulmonary artery
    (b) Aorta
    (c) Superior Vena cava
    (d) Pulmonary vein


    48.Asthma is caused by:
    (a) Perfumes
    (b) Vitamin B-12 deficiency
    (c) Vitamin C deficiency
    (d) Vitamin K deficiency


    49.Some viral (Influenza virus) and fungal infections may also lead to:
    (a) Asthma
    (b) Pneumonia
    (c) Lung cancer
    (d) Emphysema


    50.A thick muscular structure present below the lungs is called:
    (a) Alveolus
    (b) Tracheoles
    (c) Diaphragm
    (d) Bronchioles


    51.The main cause of lung cancer is:
    (a) Smoking
    (b) Viral infection
    (c) Bacterial infection
    (d) Both viral and bacterial infection


    52.Passive smoking in non-smokers has increased heart rate by:
    (a) 20-30%
    (c) 25-40%
    (b) 25-30%
    (d) 30-40%


    53.Percentage of CO₂ in exhaled air during breathing is:
    (a) 16%
    (b) 4%
    (c) 79%
    (d) 0.04%


    54.Rate of breathing depends upon concentration of which gas in the blood?
    (a) Oxygen
    (b) Carbon dioxide
    (c) Nitrogen
    (d) Hydrogen

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    Class 10 Biology Chapter-10 Introduction to Programming, this collection of notes follows the new syllabus as it is for all Punjab Boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the Punjab Boards.

    He purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible, no matter how hard we try. Either way, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions to improve the learning material. Our efforts are meant to benefit the entire community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends because “Sharing is Caring.”

  • 10th Class Computer Chapter 5: Functions

    10th Class Chapter 5: Functions Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Computer Chapter 5 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Computer Chapter 5 Functions are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: What is problem solving?
    Ans.     The process of solving difficult and complex problem is called problem solving. To solve a problem, one has to adopt a systematic strategy.


    Q.2: Define divide and conquer?
    Ans.     complex problem is divided into small problems. The smaller problems can be solved separately to find the solution of the problem and then integrating all the solutions. In this way, it becomes easier for us to focus on a single smaller problem at a time, instead of thinking about the whole problem all the time. This problem solving approach is called divide and conquer.


    Q.3: What do you know about function of C language?
    Ans.     A function is a block of statements which performs a particular task. Each program has a main function which performs the tasks programmed by the user. Similarly, we can write other functions and use them multiple times.


    Q.4: Write down the name of types of Functions.
    Ans.     There are basically two types of functions:
    Built-in Functions
    User Defined Functions


    Q.5: Define built in functions?
    Ans.     The functions which are already defined in C programming language are called built-in functions. These functions are also called library functions. These functions are available as a
    part of language.


    Q.6: Define user defined functions?
    Ans.     The functions which are defined by a programmer to perform specific tasks are called user- defined functions. These functions are written according to the exact need of the user.


    Q.7: Write advantages of Functions.
    Ans.     Following are the advantages of Functions:
    Reusability
    Separation of task
    Readability
    Handling the Complexity of the problem.


    Q.8: Define reusability?
    Ans.     Functions provide reusability of code. It means that whenever we need to use the functionality provided by the function, we just call the function. We do not need to write the same set of statements again and again.


    Q.9: Define separation of task?
    Ans.     Functions allow us to separate the code of one task from the code of other tasks. If we have a problem in one function, then we do not need to check the whole program for removing the problem. We just need to focus at one single function.


    Q.10: Define readability?
    Ans.     Dividing the program into multiple functions, improves the readability of the program.


    Q.11: Define the term handling the complexity of the problem?
    Ans.     If we write the whole program as a single procedure, management of the program becomes difficult. Functions divide the program into smaller units, and thus reduce the complexity of the problem.


    Q.12: What is the use of functions signature?
    Ans.     Function signature is used to define the inputs and output of a function.


    Q.13: What is parameter of function?
    Ans.     A function is a block of statements that gets some inputs and provides some output. Inputs of a function are called parameters of the function.


    Q.14: What do you mean by return value of a function?
    Ans.     A function is a block of statements that gets some inputs and provides some output. Output of the function is called its return value. A function can have multiple parameters, but it cannot return more than one values.


    Q.15: Write down the general structure of a function signature.
    Ans.     The general structure of a function signature is as follows:


    Q.16: What is int square(int); functions signature?
    Ans.     A function that take an integer as input and returns its square.


    Q.17: What is int float perimeter (float, float); functions signature?
    Ans.     This function that takes length and width of a rectangle as input and returns the perimeter of
    the rectangle.


    Q.18: What is int largest (int, int, int); functions signature?
    Ans.     A function that takes three integers as input and returns the largest value among them.


    Q.19: What is float area (float); functions signature?
    Ans.     A function that takes radius of a circle as input and returns the area of circle.


    Q.20: What is int isvowel (char); functions signature?
    Ans.     A function that takes a character as input and returns 1, if the character is vowel, otherwise return 0.


    Q.21: What is the general structure of defining a Function?
    Ans.     The function signature does not describe how the function performs the task assigned to it. Function definition does that. A function definition has the following general structure.
    return_typefunction_name (data_type_var1, date_type var2, ….,data_type varN)
    {
    Body of the function
    }


    Q.22: Write down the example to define the function.
    Ans.     Following example defines a function showPangram() that does not take any input and does not return anything, but displays “A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog”. on computer screen.


    Q.23: Can function return more than one values?
    Ans.     No, a function cannot return more than one values.


    Q.24: Write down the general structure to make a function call?
    Ans.     Following is the general structure used to make a function call. Function_name(value1, value2, …, valueN);


    Q.25: Define arguments?
    Ans.     The values passed to the function are called arguments.


    Q.26: Differentiate between arguments and parameters of the function.
    Ans.     The values passed to the function are called arguments, whereas variables in the function definition that receive these values are called parameters of the function.


    Q.27: Which points are important for the arrangement of functions in a program?
    Ans.     Following point must be kept in mind for the arrangement of functions in a program:
    If the definition of called function appears before the definition of calling function, then function signature is not required.
    If the definition of called function appears after the definition of calling function, then
    function signature of called function must be written before the definition of calling
    function.


    Q.28: How many arguments can be used in a function?
    Ans.     C language doesn’t put any restriction on number of arguments but arguments greater than 8 are not preferred.


    Q.29: What is the output of the following program?
    main()
    {
    int x=20;
    int y=10;
    swap(x,y);
    printf(“%d %d”,y,x+2);
    }
    swap(int x, int y)
    {
    int temp;
    temp =x;
    x=y;
    y=temp;
    }


    Q.30: What will be the output of the following code ?
    output()
    {
    printf(“%p”,output);
    }
    Ans:Some address will be printed as function names are just addresses. Similarly output() is also a function and its address will be printed.


    Q.31: What will be the output of the following code? ing code?
    main()
    {
    int i;
    printf(“%d”,scanf(“%d”,&i)); // value 10 is given as input here
    }
    Ans.1 as scanf returns number of items read successfully. So number of items read is 1.


    Q.32: What will be the output of the C program?

    int main()
    {
    function();
    return 0;
    }
    void function()
    {
    printf(“Function in C is awesome”);
    }
    Output: Compilation error.

    Q.33: What will be the error of the C program?
    void message ();
    {
    printf (“Hope you are fine:”);
    return 23;
    Errors: After function definition there is no semicolon.


    Q.34: What will be the error of the C program?
    int max (int a, int b)
    {
    if (a > b)
    return a;
    }
    return b;
    Errors: Between parameters use comma instead of semicolon

    Multiple Choice Questions

    MCQs

    1. A good approach is to divide the problem into multiple smaller parts of sub-problems.
    A. functional
    B. problem solving
    C. definition a problem
    D. none


    2. The step to divide large problem into small problems is called
    A. Divide and conquer
    B. Dividing a problem
    C. Searching a problem
    D. Analyzing a problem


    3. A is a block of statements which performs a particular task, is another function that is used to take input from the user.
    A. Computer
    B. program
    C. function
    D. Parameters


    4. is a function that is used to display anything on computer screen,
    A. Printf
    B. scanf
    C. getch
    D. printf


    5. is another function that is used to take input from the user.
    A. scanf
    B. getch
    C. printf
    D. int


    6 Types of function in C language_
    A. Built in Function
    B. Both A and C
    C. User defined function
    D. None


    7. Which one from the following is not type of function?
    A. Built in Function
    B. User defined function
    C. Pre- defined function
    D. C is not type of function


    8. The functions which are available in C Standard Library are called
    A. User defined fiction
    B. Pre- defined function
    C. built-in functions
    D. All


    9. Which functions used to perform mathematical calculations, string operations, input/output operations etc?
    A. Built-in functions
    B. User defined fiction
    C. Pre- defined function
    D. None


    10. printf and scan are
    A. Constant function
    B. Argument s function
    C. user- defined functions
    D. Built-in functions


    11. The functions which are defined by a programmer are called
    A. library function
    B. User defined fiction
    C. one two function
    D. returning function


    12. What are the advantages of a functions?
    A. Reusability
    B. Separation of task
    C. Readability
    D. All


    13. Which one from the following is not a advantage of a function?
    A. Handling the complexity of the problem
    B. Reusability
    C. Accessibility
    D. Readability


    14. functions provide reusability of code.
    A. Reusability
    B. Readability
    C. Separation of task
    D. none


    15. functions allow us to separate the code of one task from the code of other tasks.
    A. Separation of problems
    B. Separation of task
    C. Alteration of code
    D. Separation of function


    16. divide the program into smaller units, and thus reduce the complexity of the problem.
    A. programmer
    B. variables
    C. Functions
    D. statements

    17. Dividing the program into multiple functions, improves the _of the program,
    A. Complicity
    B. Reusability
    C. Accessibility
    D. Readability


    18. Inputs of a function are called of the function.
    A. parameters
    B. value
    C. Index
    D. subscript


    19. Output of the function is called its
    A. index value
    B. input value
    C. return value
    D. output value


    20. is used to define the inputs and output of a function.
    A. Function index
    B. Function signature
    B. Function value
    C. Function uses


    21. What are the examples of function signature?
    A. int square (int);
    B. float area (float);
    C. int largest (int, int, int);
    D. All


    22. A function that takes an integer as input and returns its square, its function signature is
    A. int square (int);
    B. int largest (int, int, int);
    C. int is Vowel (char);
    D. float area (float);


    23. A function that takes length and width of a rectangle as input and returns the perimeter of the rectangle, its function signature is
    A. float area (float);
    B. int is Vowel (char);
    C. float perimeter (float, float);
    D. None


    24. A function that takes three integers as input and returns the largest value among them, its function signature is
    A. int is Vowel (char);
    B. int largest (int, int int);
    C. int square (int);
    D. float area (float);


    25. A function that takes radius of a circle as input and returns the area of circle, its function signature is
    A. float area (float);
    B. int is Vowel (char);
    C. int is Vowel (char);
    D. All


    26 A function that takes a character as input and retunes 1, if the character is vowel, otherwise return 0, its function signature is
    A. char area (float);
    B. float area (float);
    C. int isVowel (char);
    D. All

    27. is the set of statements which are executed in the functions to perform the specified task.
    A. Body of the function
    B. Set of function
    C. Header of function
    D. None


    28. A function cannot return more than values.
    A. One
    B. Two
    C. Three
    D. Four


    29. Following is the general structure used to make a function call.
    A. Function_bod y{value1, value2,. valueN};
    B. Function_ name (value1, value2, valueN):
    C. Function_ name{value 1, value2,, value3};
    D. Function (value1, value2,. valueN};


    30. The values passed to the function are called
    A. terminator
    B. functions
    C. statement
    D. arguments


    31. Variables in the function definition that receive the values are called of the function.
    A. Asuperscript
    B. Bsubscript
    C. Cparameters
    D. Dindex

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    For the 10th Class Computer Chapter-1 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    he purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 10th Class Computer Chapter 4: Data and Repetition

    4th Class Chapter 4: Data and Repetition Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Computer Chapter 4 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Computer Chapter 4 Data and Repetition are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Define Data Structures.
    Ans:     Data structure is a container to store collection of data items in a specific layout.


    Q.2: What is an Array?
    Ans:     An array is a data structure that can hold multiple values of same data type and stores all the values at consecutive locations inside the computer memory.


    Q.3: How we can declare an array of type int?
    Ans:     If we want to declare an array of type int that holds the dally wages of a laborer for seven days, then we can declare it as follows:
    Int dally_wage[7];


    Q.4: How we can declare an array of float type?
    Ans:     The example of the declaration of a float type array that holds marks of 20 students are given below. float marks[20];


    Q.5: What is an Array Initialization?
    Ans:     Assigning values to an array for the first time, is called array initialization. An array can be initialized at the time of its declaration, or later.


    Q.6. How we can initialize an array?
    Ans:     Array initialization at the time of declaration can be done in the following manner. Data_type array_name[N] = {value1, value2, value3,……,valueN};


    Q.7. Write down the example to declaration and initialization of a float array to store the heights of seven persons.
    Ans:     float height[7] = (5.7, 6.2, 6.9, 6.1, 6.0, 5.5, 6.2);


    Q.8: Can you declare an array without assigning the size of an array?
    Ans:     No we cannot declare an array without assigning size.


    Q.9: Write down the example to initializes an array of characters to store five vowels of English language.
    Ans:     char vowels[5] = {‘a’, ‘e’, ‘I’, ‘o’, ‘u’);


    Q.10: How we can initialize an array if we do not initialize at the time of declaration?
    Ans:     If we do not initialize an array at the time of declaration, then we need to initialize the array elements one by one. It means that we cannot initialize all the elements of array in a single statement.


    Q.11: Can we initialize all the elements of array in a single statement? Explain it with example.
    Ans:     No, we cannot initialize all the elements of array in a single statement.


    Q.12: How we can access array elements?
    Ans:     Each element of an array has an index that can be used with the array name as array_name[index] to access the data stored at that particular index.


    Q.13: What is important features using variables as array indexes?
    Ans:     A very important feature of arrays is that we can use variables as array indices e.g.


    Q.14: What is Loop?
    Ans:     If we need to repeat one or more statements, then we use loops.
    Example:if we need to write Pakistan thousand times on the screen, then instead of writing printf (“Pakistan”); a thousand times, we use loops.


    Q.15: What structures of loop provided by C language?
    Ans:     Following three structures are provided by C language:
    For loop
    While loop
    Do While loop


    Q.16: What is the General structure of loops?
    Ans:     If we closely observe the process that humans follow for repeating a task for specific number of times then it becomes easier for us to understand the loop structures that C language provides us for
    controlling the repetitions.


    Q.17: Write down the General syntax of for loop.
    Ans:     In C programming language, for loop has the following general syntax


    Q.19: What part of for loop executed first?
    Ans:     Initialization is the first part to be executed in a for loop.


    Q.20: Find the output of below program:
    Ans:     int main()
    {
    int i = 0, x = 0;
    do
    {
    if(i % 5 == 0)
    {
    }
    }
    cout<<x;
    x++;
    ++1;
    while(i<10);
    cout<<x;
    getch ();
    }
    Output
    012
    Q.21: Find the output of below program:
    Ans:     int main()
    {
    int i=0,x=0;
    for(i=1;i<10;i*=2)
    {
    x++;
    }
    cout<<x;
    }
    cout<<x ;
    getch ();
    output
    12344


    Q.22: Define an Iteration.
    Ans:     Iteration is the process where a set of instructions or statements are executed repeatedly for a specific number of time until a condition becomes false.


    Q.23: What is the general structure of Nested Loops?
    Ans:     We can observe that Code to repeat could be any valid C language code. It can also be another for loop e.g. the following structure is a valid loop structure.
    for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
    {
    for (Initialization; condition; Increment/decrement)
    {
    Code to repeat
    }


    Q.24: What is nested loop structures?
    Ans:     When we use a loop inside another loop, it is called nested loop structure.


    Q.25: When do we use nested loops?
    Ans:     When we want to repeat a pattern for multiple times, then we use nested loops, e.g. if 10 times we want to display the numbers from 1 10. We can do this by writing the code of displaying the numbers from 1-10 in another loop that runs 10 times.


    Q.26: What is difference between Loops and Arrays?
    Ans:     A variables can be used as array indexes, so we can use loops to perform different operations on arrays. If we want to display the whole array, then instead of writing all the elements one by one, we can loop over the array elements by using the loop counter as array index


    Q.27: How many times a while loop should be printed?
    Ans:     int main()
    {
    int i = 1;
    i=i-1:
    while(i)
    cout<<“its a while loop”;
    i++;
    }
    getch();
    }
    Output
    Infinite Times.


    Q.28: How we can use a loop to take input from user in an array of size 10?
    Ans:     int a [10]; for (int i = 0; i< 10; i++)
    scanf (“%d”, &a[i]);
    display t


    Q.29: Write down the code to display the elements of an array having 100 elements.
    Ans:     The following code can be used to display the elements of an array having 100 elements:
    for (int i = 0; i< 100; i++)
    printf(“%d “, a[i]);


    Q.30: Write down the code to add all the elements of an array having 100 elements.
    Ans:     The following code can be used to add all the elements of an array having 100 elements:
    int sum = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i< 100; i++)
    sum = sum + a[i];
    printf(“The sum of all the elements of array is %d”, sum);

    Q.31: Write down the example of while loop
    Ans:     #include
    int main()
    { int count=1;
    {
    }
    while (count <= 4)
    printf(“%d “, count);
    getch();
    count++;
    } Output: 1234


    Q.32: Define counter Variable in for loop?
    Ans:     A counter variable is a variable that keeps track of the number of times a specific piece of code is executed.


    Q.33: Describe use of counter variable in for loop?
    Ans:     For loop use the counter variable whose values the loop. is increase or decrease with each repetition.


    Q.34: Is loop a data structure? Justify your answers.
    Ans:     A loop is not a data structure because data structure means it is a specific layout of computer memory to store collection of data items, while loop is used to repeat a set of statements.


    Q.35: Define while loop?
    Ans: A while loop in C programming language repeatedly executes a set of statements or instructions as long as the given condition is true.


    Q.36: Describe the structure of while loop?
    Ans:     while (condition)
    { } Statement or set of statements; or set of state


    Q.37: What is the advantage of initialization array at the time of declaration?
    Ans:     The following are the advantages of initializing an array at the time of declaration:

    1. Save time
    2. Save memory
    3. CPU friendly
    4. Define the size

    Multiple Choice Questions

    MCQs

    1. is a container to store collection of data items in a specific layout.
    A. Software
    B. Hardware
    C. Data structure
    D. Arrays
    2. An is one of the most commonly used data structures.
    A. Loop
    B. Array
    C. Flowchart
    D. Algorithm
    3. An is a data structure that can hold multiple values of same data type
    A. Array
    B. Memory
    C. Loop
    D. None
    4. How we can declare an array of type int that holds the daily wages of a labors for seven days?
    A. Int daily_wage [7]
    B. Int dally_wage [7];
    C. Int dally_wage (7);
    D. Int daily_wage [17]):
    5 An array Index starts with Which one of the following is the size of int arr[9] assuming that int is of 4 bytes?
    A. -1
    B. 0
    C. 1
    D. 2
    6 Which one of the following is the size of int arr[9] assuming that int is of 4 bytes?
    A. 9
    B. 40
    C. 35
    D. none
    7. How can we initialize an array in C language?
    A. int arr[2]=(10,20)
    B. int arr(2)={10,20)|
    C. int arr[2] = {10, 20);
    D. int arr(2) = (10, 20)
    8. Assigning values to an array for the first time, is called
    A. Array filling
    B. Array finalization
    C. Array declaration
    D. Array initialization
    9. An array can be initialized at the time of its
    A. Declaration
    B. Initialization
    C. Finishing
    D. None
    10. If we do not initialize an array at the time of declaration, then we need to initialize the array elements
    A. one by one
    B. two by two
    C. three by three
    D. together
    11. An array can hold multiple integer values.
    A. While
    B. Int
    C. Float
    D. nested
    12. A array can hold multiple real values.
    A.For
    B. Simple
    C. Float
    D. While
    13. An important property of array is that it inside the computer memory.
    A. stores all the values at consecutive locations
    B. stores all the values at memory locations
    C. does not stores all the values at consecutive – locations
    D. stores only one values at consecutive locations
    14. Each element of an array has an index that can be used with the as array_name[index] to access the data stored at that particular index.
    A.Index
    B. Loop
    C. array location
    D. array name
    15. A very important feature of arrays is that we can use as array indexes.
    A. Numbers
    B. Variables
    C. Constants
    D. Integer
    16. If we need to repeat one or more statements, then we use
    A. Array
    B. Repetition
    C. Loops
    D. All
    17. C language provides kind of loop structures.
    A. Three
    B. Four
    C. Five
    D. Six

    18. Which on from the following is not a type of loops?
    A. For loop
    B. Do While loop
    C. Check loop
    D. While loop
    19. is the first part to be executed in a for loop.
    A. Initialization
    B. Declaration
    C. Finalization
    D. None
    20. Each run of a loop is called an
    A. Declaration
    B. Repetition
    C. Iteration
    D. Running
    21. When we use a loop inside another loop, it is called structure.
    A. Do while loop
    B. Else loop
    C. Nested loop
    D. While loop
    22. When we want to repeat a pattern for multiple times, then we use
    A. Repetition loop
    B. Do while loop
    C. Nested loops
    D. Else loop
    23. We can use inside loop structures.
    A. loop structures
    B. Sequence structure
    C. While structure
    D. Nested structure
    24. We can use inside if structures in any imaginable manners.
    A. While structure
    B. Data structure
    C. Loop Structure
    D. if structures
    25. As can be used as array indexes.
    A.Variables
    B.Loop
    C.Data structures
    D.Constants
    26. We can use loops to perform different operations on
    A. Information
    B. Arrays
    C. Loops
    D. Data
    27. Using, we can easily take input in arrays.
    A. for Loops
    B. Nested loop
    C. Arrays
    D. Loops
    28. help us in reading the values from array.
    A. loop
    B. Array
    C. Compiler
    D. None
    29. What is correct syntax of for loop?
    A. for (initialization ; condition; increment /decrement)
    B. for(increment/ decrement; initialization ; condition)
    C. for (initialization , condition, increment/ decrement)
    D. none
    30. Can for loop contain another for loop?
    A. No
    B. Yes
    C. Compilation Error
    D. Runtime Error

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    For the 10th Class Computer Chapter-1 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    he purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 10th Class Computer Chapter 3: Conditional Logic

    10th Class Chapter 3: Conditional Logic Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Computer Chapter 3 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Computer Chapter 3 Conditional Logic are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: What do you know about Control Statements?
    Ans:     In order to solve a problem, control statement is used to control the flow of execution of a program. Sometimes there is also need to execute one set of instructions if a particular condition is true and another set of instructions if the condition is false.


    Q.2: What are the types of control statements?
    Ans:     There are three types of control statements in C language. Sequential Control Statements Selection Control Statements Repetition Control Statements


    Q.3: What is sequential control?
    Ans:     Sequential control is the default control structure in C language. According to the sequential control, all the statements are executed in the given sequence.


    Q.4: What Selection Statements?
    Ans:     The statements which help us to decide which statements should be executed next, on the basis of conditions, are called selection statements.


    Q.5: How many types of selection statement have?
    Ans:     There are two types of selection statements.
    If statement


    Q.6: What is the use of if statement?
    If-else statement
    Ans:     C language provides if statement in which we specify a condition, and associate a code to it. The code gets executed if the specified condition turns out to be true, otherwise the code does not get executed.


    Q.7: Write down the Structure of if statement.
    Ans:     If statement has the following structure in C language:
    if (condition)
    { Associated Code }


    Q.8: What is the purpose of if in if statement structure?
    Ans:     In if statement structure, if is a keyword that is followed by a condition inside parentheses ().A condition could be any valid expression including arithmetic expressions, relational expressions, logical expressions, or a combination of these.


    Q.11: Why If-else Statement is used in C language?
    Ans:     It executes the set of statements under if statement if the condition is true, otherwise executes the set of statements under else statement.


    Q.12: Write down the general structure of if-else statement?
    Ans:     General structure of the if-else statement is as follows:
    if (condition)
    {
    Associated Code
    }
    else
    {
    Associated Code Asso
    }
    Associated code of If statement is executed if the condition is true, otherwise the code associated with else statement is executed.


    Q.13: Define compound statement.
    Ans:     A set of multiple instructions enclosed in braces is called a block (enclosed in curly braces) or a compound statement.


    Q.14: How you can close if and if else statement?
    Ans:     If there are more than one instruction under if statement or else statement, enclose them in the form of a block (enclosed in curly braces). Otherwise, the compiler considers only one instruction under it and further instructions are considered independent.
    Easy Notes (Computer 10th)
    CONDITIONAL LOGIC
    (E-Series)


    Q.15: What is Nested Selection Structures?
    Ans:     Conditional statements within conditional statements are called nested selection structures.


    Q.16: Write general structure for nested selection structure?
    Ans:     Following general structure is true for nested selection structure.
    if (condition 1 is true)
    if (condition 2 is true)
    Associated code
    else
    if (condition is true)
    Associated code


    Q.17: Write the if-else-if statement structure?
    Ans:     C language also provides an if-else-if statement that has the following structure.
    if (condition 1)
    {
    }
    Code to be executed if condition 1 is true;
    else if (condition 2)
    {
    Code to be executed if condition 1 is false but condition 2 is true; }
    else if (condition N)
    {
    Code to be executed if all previous conditions are false but condition N is true; }
    {
    else
    code to be be executed if all the conditions are false
    }


    Q.18: What common mistakes we do in compound statement?
    Ans:     In compound statements, it is a common mistake to omit one or two braces while typing. To avoid this error, it is better to type the opening and closing braces first and then type the statements in the block (enclosed in curly braces).


    Q.19: Write use of nested selection structure?
    Ans:     Nested selection structure is used for decision making in C language.


    Q.20: Define Condition?
    Ans:     A condition could be any valid expression including arithmetic expressions, relational expressions, logical expressions, or a combination of these.

    Multiple Choice Question

    MCQS

    1. We can control the flow of program execution through_
    A. control statements
    B. sequential control statements
    C. selection control statements
    D. repetition control statements


    2. There are types of control statements in C language.
    A. 2
    B. 3
    C. 5
    D.7


    3. Which one from the following is not a type of control statement?
    A. sequential control statements
    B. selection control statements
    C. repetition statements control
    D. check control statement


    4. The statements which help us to decide which statements should be executed next, on the basis of conditions, are called
    A. repetition control statements
    B. sequential control statements
    C. Selection Statements
    D. check control statement


    5. Types of selection statements are:
    A. if statement
    B. if-else statement
    C. both A and B
    D. nested statement


    6. C language provides in which we specify a condition, and associate a code to it.
    A. repetition control statements
    B. if statement
    C. if-else statement
    D. selection control statements


    7. The code gets executed if the specified condition turns out to be
    A. False
    B. True
    C. both A and B
    D. none


    8. The structure of if statement is:
    A. if (condition) Associated Code
    B. (condition) Associated Code
    C. else (condition) Associated Code
    D. if else (condition)


    9. In the structure of if statement, if is a keyword that is followed by a condition inside
    A. ()
    B. <>
    C. {}
    D. []


    10. According to the all the statements are executed in the given sequence.
    A. selection control
    B. repetition control
    C. sequential control
    D. relational control


    11. is the default control structure in C language.
    A. Check control
    B. Sequential control
    C. Relational control
    D. All


    12. executes the set of statements under if statement if the condition is true.
    A. Control statement
    B. Condition statement
    C. if statement
    D. if-else statement


    13. A set of multiple instructions enclosed in braces is called a or a
    A. block, compound statement
    B. block, relational statement
    C. code, block
    D. compound statement, code


    14. If there are more than one instructions under if statement or else statement, enclose them in the form of a
    A. Box
    B. Braces
    C. block
    D. code


    15. Conditional statements within conditional statements are called
    A. Conditional structure
    B. nested selection structures
    C. if else structure
    D. if nested selection


    16. In, it is a common mistake to omit one or two braces while typing.
    A. compound statements
    B. control statement
    C. selection statement
    D. relational statement

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    For the 10th Class Computer Chapter-1 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    he purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 10th Class Computer Chapter 2: User Interaction

    10th Class Chapter 2 : User Interaction Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Computer Chapter 2 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Computer Chapter 2 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Define computer program.
    Ans.     The set of instructions given to the computer are known as a computer program or Software.


    Q.2: What is computer programming?
    Ans.     The process of feeding or storing these instructions in the computer is known as computer programming.


    Q.3: Who is programmer?
    Ans.     The person who knows how to write a computer program correctly is known as a programmer.


    Q.4: Who and when C language was developed?
    Ans.     C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Laboratories.


    Q.5: What is programming language?
    Ans.     Programmers write computer programs in these special languages (C, C++ Java etc.) called programming languages. Java, C, C++, C#, Python are some of the most commonly used programming languages.


    Q.6: What is Programming Environment?
    Ans.     A collection of all the necessary tools for programming makes up a Programming environment. It is essential to setup a programming environment before we start writing programs. It works as a basic platform for us to write and execute programs.


    Q.7: What is Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?
    Ans.     The software that provides a programming environment to facilitate programmers in writing and executing computer programs is known as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
    An IDE has a graphical user interface (GUI), meaning that a user can interact with it using windows and buttons to provide input and get output.


    Q.8: Writer down the IDEs for C programming language.
    Ans.     1) Visual Studio 2) Xcode 3) Code::Blocks 4) Dev C++


    Q.9: What is the purpose of text editor? (OR) What is text editor?
    Ans.     A text editors is a software that allows programmers to write and edit computer Programs. All IDEs had its own specific text editors.


    Q.10: What is the purpose of compiler in C language? (OR) What is compiler?
    Ans.     A compiler is software that is responsible for conversion of a computer program written in some high level programming language to machine language code.


    Q.11: What is syntax?
    Ans.     The set of rules used to write an accurate program is known as syntax of the language. Syntax can be thought of as grammar of a programming language.


    Q.12: What is syntax error?
    Ans.     While programming, if proper syntax or rules of the programming language are not fdlowed, the program does not compiled. In this case, the compiler generates an error. This kind of errors
    is called syntax errors.


    Q.13: What do you know about reserved words? (OR)Write down the name of some reserved words.
    Ans.     Every programming language has a list of words that are predefined. Each word has its specific meaning already known to the compiler. These words are known as reserved words or keywords. Some names of reserved words are as follows: auto, int, else, switch and return.


    Q.14: Write down the name of main parts of structure of a C program.
    Ans.     A program can be divided into three main parts:

    • Link section or header section:
    • Main section
    • Body of main () function:

    Q.15: What is link section or header section?
    Ans.     While writing programs in C language, we make extensive use of functions that are already defined in the language. But before using the existing functions, we need to include the files where these functions have been defined. These files are called header files. We include these header files in our program by writing the include statements at the top of program.


    Q.16: Write down the general structure of an include statement.
    Ans.     General Structure of an include statement is as follows; #include


    Q.17: Explain the general structure of an include statement.
    Ans.     General Structure of an include statement is as follows; #include
    Here header file name can be the name of any header file in the above example. We have included file stdio.h that contains information related to input and output functions. Many other header files are also available for example file math.h contains all predefined mathematics
    functions.


    Q.18: What is main section of C language?
    Ans.     It consists of a main function. Every C program must contain a main() function and it is the starting point of execution.


    Q.19: What is the body of main () section?
    Ans.     The body of main() is enclosed in the curly braces {}. All the statements inside these curly braces make the body of main function.


    Q.20: Write down the three key points to write C Language program correctly.
    Ans.     (i) The sequence of statements in a C language program should be according to the sequence in which we want our program to be executed.
    (ii) C language is case sensitive. It means that if a keyword is defined with all small case letters, we cannot capitalize any letter i.e. int is different from Int.
    (iii) Each statement ends with a semi-colon; symbol.


    Q.21: What are comments? Also write example.
    Ans.     Comments are the statements in a program that are ignored by the compiler and do not get executed. Usually comments are written in natural language.
    Example: In English language, in order to provide description of our code.


    Q.22: Write down the purpose of writing comments?
    Ans.     Comments can be considered as documentation of the program. Their purpose is.
    1.It facilitates other programmers to understand our code.
    2.It helps us to understand our own code even after years of writing it. We do not want these statements to be executed, because it may cause syntax error as the statements are written in natural language.


    Q.23: How many types of comments are?
    Ans.     In C programming language, there are two types of comments:
    1. Single-line Comments
    2. Multi-line Comments


    Q.24: What is the difference between single -line comments and multi-line comments?
    Ans.     Single-line comments start with //. Anything after // on the same line, is considered a comment. For example, //This is a comment.
    Multi line comments start with /* and end at /. Anything between / and / is considered a comment, even on multiple lines. For example, /this is
    a multi-line comment */

    Q.25: What do you know about constants?
    Ans.     Constants are the values that cannot be changed during the execution of a program
    e.g. 5, 75.7, 1500 etc. In C language, there are three types of constants:
    1. Integer Constants 2. Real Constants 3. Character Constants

    Q.26. How you can explain integer constants?
    Ans.     These are the values without a decimal point e.g. 7, 1256, 30100, 53555, -54, -2349 etc. It can be positive or negative. If the value is not preceded by a sign, it is considered as positive.


    Q.27: Differentiate between Real Constants and Character Constants?
    Ans.     The differences are as follows:
    Real Constant
    These are the values including a decimal point e.g. 3.14, 15.3333, 75.0, -1575.76, -7941.2345 etc. They can also be positive or negative
    Character Constant
    Any single small case letter, upper case letter, digit, punctuation mark, special symbol enclosed within” is considered a character constant e.g. ‘5’, ‘7’, ‘a’. ‘X’, ‘.’ etc.

    Q.28: What is Variables?
    Ans.     A variable is actually a name given to a merhory location, as the data is physically stored inside the computer’s memory. The value of a variable can be changed in a program. It means that, in a program, if a variable contains value 5, then later we can give it another value that replaces the value 5.
    Example: height, Average, Weight, _var1.


    Q.29: How many Data Type of a Variable are?
    Ans.     The data types of variable are as under:
    Integer – int (signed/unsigned)
    Floating Point – float
    Character – char


    Q.30: Define Integer?
    Ans.     Integer data type is used to store integer values (whole numbers). Integer takes up 4 bytes of memory. To declare a variable of type integer, we use the keyword int.


    Q.31: What is difference between Signed Int and Unsigned Int?
    Ans. Signed int
    A signed Int can store both positive and negative values ranging from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. By default, type Int is Considered as a signed integer.
    Unsigned int
    An unsigned Int can store only positive values and its value ranges from 0 to +4,294,967,295. Keyword unsigned Int is used to declare an unsigned integer.


    Q.32: What is floating point data?
    Ans.     Float data type is used to store a real number (number with floating point) up to six digits of precision. To declare a variable of type float, we use the keyword float. A float uses 4 bytes of memory. Its value ranges from 3.4×10-3 to 3.4x 1038.


    Q.33: What is the purpose of character-char data type?
    Ans.     To declare character type variables in C, we use the keyword char. It takes up just 1 byte of memory for storage. A variable of char type can store one character only.

    Q.34: Write down the any two rules for naming variables.
    Ans.     1. A variable name can only contain alphabets (uppercase or lowercase) digits and underscore sign.
    2. Variable name must begin with a letter or an underscore, it cannot begin with a digit.


    Q.35: What is difference between Variables and Constants?
    Ans.     The difference between variables and constants are as follows:
    Variable
    A variable is actually a name given to a memory location, as the data is physically stored inside the computer’s memory. The value of a variable can be changed in a program. It means that, in a program, if a variable contains value 5, then later we can give it another value that replaces the value 5. Some examples of valid variable names are height, Average, Weight, _var1.
    Constant
    Constants are the values that cannot be changed in a program e.g. 5, 75.7, 1500 etc. In C language, there are three types of constants:
    Integer Constants
    Real Constants
    Character Constants


    Q.36: What is variable declaration?
    Ans.     Declaring variable includes specifying its data type and giving it a valid name. Following syntax can be followed to declare a variable.
    Data_type variable_name;
    Some examples of valid variable declarations are as follows: Unsigned Int age; float height;


    Q.37: What is variable initialization?
    Ans.     Assigning value to a variable for the first time is called variable initialization. C language allows us to initialize a variable both at the time of declaration, and after declaring it.


    Q.38: Write down structure for initializing variable.
    Ans    . For initializing a variable at the time of declaration, we use the following general structure.
    data_type variable_name = value; le data_type to

    Multiple Choice Question

    MCQS

    1. The series of instructions 1 that given to the computer are known as a:
    A. Computer Program
    B. Software
    C. Hardware
    D. Both A And B


    2. The process of feeding or storing these instructions in the computer is known as…
    A. Computer language
    B. Software
    C. Computer programming
    D. Programming environment


    3. The person who knows how 3 to write a computer program correctly is known as a:
    A. Developer
    B. Programmer
    C. Hacker
    D. heft


    4. Computers cannot understand
    A. English
    B. Urdu
    C. Arabic
    D. all of these


    5. Programmers write computer 5 programs in these special languages called:
    A. Computer program
    B. Programming languages
    C. Reserved words
    D. None of these


    6. Programmer needs proper for programming.
    A. Hardware
    B. Software
    C. Tools
    D. Computer
    7. IDE stand for:


    A. Integrated Development Environment
    B. International Development Environment
    C. Integrated Development Experiment
    D. Integrated Donation Environment


    8. A software that provides a programming environment to facilitate programmers in writing and executing computer programs is known as an:
    A. International Development Environment
    B. Reserved Words
    C. Programming environment
    D. Integrated Development Environment


    9. IDEs for C programming language are:
    A. Visual Studio
    B. Xcode
    C. Code::Blocks
    D. All of these


    10. A is a software that 10 allows programmers to write and edit computer Programs.
    A. text editors
    B. Compiler
    C. Computer
    D. Software


    11. All IDEs have their own specific:
    A. Compiler
    B. IDE
    C. Texteditors
    D. Identity


    12. Computers only understand 12 and work in machine language consisting of:
    A. Alphabet
    B. Os and 1s
    C. only 1s
    D. Only Os


    13. A…….is a software that is responsible for conversion of a computer program written in some high level programming language to machine language code.
    A. Compiler
    B. Interpreter
    C. Machine
    D. Printer


    14. Each programming language has some primitive building blocks and provides same 14 rules in order to write an accurate program. This set of rules is known as ..of the language.
    A. Software
    B. Instruction
    C. Error
    D. Syntax


    15. While programming, if proper syntax or rules of the programming language are not followed, the program does not get compiled. In this case, the compiler generates an error. This kind of errors is called.
    A. Syntax errors
    B. Logical error
    C. Programming error
    D. Machine

    16. Which one from the following reserved word? is not a wing
    A. Auto
    B. int
    C. case
    D. print


    17. The main parts of structure of structur of C program are:
    A. 2
    B. 3
    C. 4
    D. 5

    18. General structure of an 18 include statement is as:
    A. #include
    B. #include
    C. #include(hea der_file_name>
    D. #include<h eader_file_ name

    19. Every C program must contain a function and it is the starting point of execution.
    A. main()
    B. header files
    C. Body
    D. ll of these


    20. The body of main() is enclosed in:
    A. <>
    B. []C. {}
    D. ()


    21. are the statements in a program that are ignored by the compiler and do not get executed.
    A. Syntax
    B. Comments
    C. Reserve word
    D. Header

    22. The type of comments:
    A. Single-line Comments
    B. Multi-line Comments
    C. Both a and b
    D. None of these


    23. Single-line comments start with:
    A. .
    B. /
    C. //
    D. ;


    24. Multi line comments start with:
    A. >
    B. /*
    C. ??
    D. //


    25. Multi line comments end at:
    A. {
    B. //
    C. /*
    D. / 

    26. Which one from the following is not special symbol?

    A. //
    B. 6
    C. .
    D. ?


    27. The alphabets, digits and special symbols when combined in an allowable manner form:
    A. Constants
    B. Variables
    C. Keywords
    D. All of these


    28. are the values that cannot be changed by a program.
    A. Character Constants
    B. Integer Constants
    C. Constants
    D. Real constants


    29. The types of Constants are:
    A. Integer Constants
    B. Real constants
    C. Character Constants
    D. All of these


    30. The values without a decimal point:
    A. Integer Constants
    B. Real constants
    C. Character Constants
    D. Variables


    31. Which one of the following is a real constant?
    A. -7941.2345
    B. 79412345
    C. -792345a
    D. -7941.23457


    32. A is actually a name given to a memory location, as the data is physically stored inside the computer’s memory.
    A. Constants
    B. Variable
    C. Reserved words
    D. Comments


    33. The value of a can be changed in a program.
    A. Variable
    B. Constants
    C. Comments
    D. None of these


    34. Data type of a variables are:
    A. 3
    B. 4
    C. 5
    D. 1


    35. Integer data type is used to store:
    A. Float value
    B. Signed int value
    C. Integer values
    D. Real value


    36. Integer takes up bytes of memory.
    A. 2
    B. 4
    C. 6
    D. 8


    37. A signed int can store:
    A. Positive value
    B. Negative value
    C. Both a and b
    D. None of these


    38. By default, type int is Considered as a:
    A. Char integer
    B. Unsigned integer
    C. Signed integer
    D. Float


    39. The ranges of Unsigned int is form:
    A. 0 to 4, 294, 967, 295
    B. 0 to plus/minus 4 ,294,967,295
    C. 0 to – 4,294,967,295
    D. 0 to 2.1122222


    40. type is used to store a real number (number with floating point) up to six digits of precision.
    A. Real data
    B. Float data
    C. Int data
    D. Char data


    41. The value ranges of floating data point is form:
    A. 4.4 * 10 ^ – 30 * tc 3.4 * 10 ^ 38
    B. 3.4 * 10 ^ – 37 * to 3.4 * 10 ^ 37
    C. 4.4 * 10 ^ – 38 * to 4.4 * 10 ^ 38
    D. 3.4 * 10 ^ – 38 * to 3.4 * 10 ^ 38


    42. Some examples of valid variable declarations are:
    A. unsigned int age;
    B. float height;
    C. int salary;
    D. All of these

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    For the 10th Class Computer Chapter-1 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    he purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 10th Class Computer Chapter 1: Introduction to programming

    10th Class Chapter 1: Introduction to programming Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 10th Class  Computer Chapter 1 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 10th Class Computer Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Define computer program.
    Ans.     The set of instructions given to the computer are known as a computer program or Software.


    Q.2: What is computer programming?
    Ans.     The process of feeding or storing these instructions in the computer is known as computer programming.


    Q.3: Who is programmer?
    Ans.     The person who knows how to write a computer program correctly is known as a programmer.


    Q.4: Who and when C language was developed?
    Ans.     C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Laboratories.


    Q.5: What is programming language?
    Ans.     Programmers write computer programs in these special languages (C, C++ Java etc.) called programming languages. Java, C, C++, C#, Python are some of the most commonly used programming languages.


    Q.6: What is Programming Environment?
    Ans.     A collection of all the necessary tools for programming makes up a Programming environment. It is essential to setup a programming environment before we start writing programs. It works as a basic platform for us to write and execute programs.


    Q.7: What is Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?
    Ans.     The software that provides a programming environment to facilitate programmers in writing and executing computer programs is known as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
    An IDE has a graphical user interface (GUI), meaning that a user can interact with it using windows and buttons to provide input and get output.


    Q.8: Writer down the IDEs for C programming language.
    Ans.     1) Visual Studio 2) Xcode 3) Code::Blocks 4) Dev C++


    Q.9: What is the purpose of text editor? (OR) What is text editor?
    Ans.     A text editors is a software that allows programmers to write and edit computer Programs. All IDEs had its own specific text editors.


    Q.10: What is the purpose of compiler in C language? (OR) What is compiler?
    Ans.     A compiler is software that is responsible for conversion of a computer program written in some high level programming language to machine language code.


    Q.11: What is syntax?
    Ans.     The set of rules used to write an accurate program is known as syntax of the language. Syntax can be thought of as grammar of a programming language.


    Q.12: What is syntax error?
    Ans.     While programming, if proper syntax or rules of the programming language are not fdlowed, the program does not compiled. In this case, the compiler generates an error. This kind of errors
    is called syntax errors.


    Q.13: What do you know about reserved words? (OR)Write down the name of some reserved words.
    Ans.     Every programming language has a list of words that are predefined. Each word has its specific meaning already known to the compiler. These words are known as reserved words or keywords. Some names of reserved words are as follows: auto, int, else, switch and return.


    Q.14: Write down the name of main parts of structure of a C program.
    Ans.     A program can be divided into three main parts:

    • Link section or header section:
    • Main section
    • Body of main () function:

    Q.15: What is link section or header section?
    Ans.     While writing programs in C language, we make extensive use of functions that are already defined in the language. But before using the existing functions, we need to include the files where these functions have been defined. These files are called header files. We include these header files in our program by writing the include statements at the top of program.


    Q.16: Write down the general structure of an include statement.
    Ans.     General Structure of an include statement is as follows; #include


    Q.17: Explain the general structure of an include statement.
    Ans.     General Structure of an include statement is as follows; #include
    Here header file name can be the name of any header file in the above example. We have included file stdio.h that contains information related to input and output functions. Many other header files are also available for example file math.h contains all predefined mathematics
    functions.


    Q.18: What is main section of C language?
    Ans.     It consists of a main function. Every C program must contain a main() function and it is the starting point of execution.


    Q.19: What is the body of main () section?
    Ans.     The body of main() is enclosed in the curly braces {}. All the statements inside these curly braces make the body of main function.


    Q.20: Write down the three key points to write C Language program correctly.
    Ans.     (i) The sequence of statements in a C language program should be according to the sequence in which we want our program to be executed.
    (ii) C language is case sensitive. It means that if a keyword is defined with all small case letters, we cannot capitalize any letter i.e. int is different from Int.
    (iii) Each statement ends with a semi-colon; symbol.


    Q.21: What are comments? Also write example.
    Ans.     Comments are the statements in a program that are ignored by the compiler and do not get executed. Usually comments are written in natural language.
    Example: In English language, in order to provide description of our code.


    Q.22: Write down the purpose of writing comments?
    Ans.     Comments can be considered as documentation of the program. Their purpose is.
    1.It facilitates other programmers to understand our code.
    2.It helps us to understand our own code even after years of writing it. We do not want these statements to be executed, because it may cause syntax error as the statements are written in natural language.


    Q.23: How many types of comments are?
    Ans.     In C programming language, there are two types of comments:
    1. Single-line Comments
    2. Multi-line Comments


    Q.24: What is the difference between single -line comments and multi-line comments?
    Ans.     Single-line comments start with //. Anything after // on the same line, is considered a comment. For example, //This is a comment.
    Multi line comments start with /* and end at /. Anything between / and / is considered a comment, even on multiple lines. For example, /this is
    a multi-line comment */

    Q.25: What do you know about constants?
    Ans.     Constants are the values that cannot be changed during the execution of a program
    e.g. 5, 75.7, 1500 etc. In C language, there are three types of constants:
    1. Integer Constants 2. Real Constants 3. Character Constants

    Q.26. How you can explain integer constants?
    Ans.     These are the values without a decimal point e.g. 7, 1256, 30100, 53555, -54, -2349 etc. It can be positive or negative. If the value is not preceded by a sign, it is considered as positive.


    Q.27: Differentiate between Real Constants and Character Constants?
    Ans.     The differences are as follows:
    Real Constant
    These are the values including a decimal point e.g. 3.14, 15.3333, 75.0, -1575.76, -7941.2345 etc. They can also be positive or negative
    Character Constant
    Any single small case letter, upper case letter, digit, punctuation mark, special symbol enclosed within” is considered a character constant e.g. ‘5’, ‘7’, ‘a’. ‘X’, ‘.’ etc.

    Q.28: What is Variables?
    Ans.     A variable is actually a name given to a merhory location, as the data is physically stored inside the computer’s memory. The value of a variable can be changed in a program. It means that, in a program, if a variable contains value 5, then later we can give it another value that replaces the value 5.
    Example: height, Average, Weight, _var1.


    Q.29: How many Data Type of a Variable are?
    Ans.     The data types of variable are as under:
    Integer – int (signed/unsigned)
    Floating Point – float
    Character – char


    Q.30: Define Integer?
    Ans.     Integer data type is used to store integer values (whole numbers). Integer takes up 4 bytes of memory. To declare a variable of type integer, we use the keyword int.


    Q.31: What is difference between Signed Int and Unsigned Int?
    Ans. Signed int
    A signed Int can store both positive and negative values ranging from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. By default, type Int is Considered as a signed integer.
    Unsigned int
    An unsigned Int can store only positive values and its value ranges from 0 to +4,294,967,295. Keyword unsigned Int is used to declare an unsigned integer.


    Q.32: What is floating point data?
    Ans.     Float data type is used to store a real number (number with floating point) up to six digits of precision. To declare a variable of type float, we use the keyword float. A float uses 4 bytes of memory. Its value ranges from 3.4×10-3 to 3.4x 1038.


    Q.33: What is the purpose of character-char data type?
    Ans.     To declare character type variables in C, we use the keyword char. It takes up just 1 byte of memory for storage. A variable of char type can store one character only.

    Q.34: Write down the any two rules for naming variables.
    Ans.     1. A variable name can only contain alphabets (uppercase or lowercase) digits and underscore sign.
    2. Variable name must begin with a letter or an underscore, it cannot begin with a digit.


    Q.35: What is difference between Variables and Constants?
    Ans.     The difference between variables and constants are as follows:
    Variable
    A variable is actually a name given to a memory location, as the data is physically stored inside the computer’s memory. The value of a variable can be changed in a program. It means that, in a program, if a variable contains value 5, then later we can give it another value that replaces the value 5. Some examples of valid variable names are height, Average, Weight, _var1.
    Constant
    Constants are the values that cannot be changed in a program e.g. 5, 75.7, 1500 etc. In C language, there are three types of constants:
    Integer Constants
    Real Constants
    Character Constants


    Q.36: What is variable declaration?
    Ans.     Declaring variable includes specifying its data type and giving it a valid name. Following syntax can be followed to declare a variable.
    Data_type variable_name;
    Some examples of valid variable declarations are as follows: Unsigned Int age; float height;


    Q.37: What is variable initialization?
    Ans.     Assigning value to a variable for the first time is called variable initialization. C language allows us to initialize a variable both at the time of declaration, and after declaring it.


    Q.38: Write down structure for initializing variable.
    Ans    . For initializing a variable at the time of declaration, we use the following general structure.
    data_type variable_name = value; le data_type to

    Multiple Choice Question

    MCQS

    1. The series of instructions 1 that given to the computer are known as a:
    A. Computer Program
    B. Software
    C. Hardware
    D. Both A And B


    2. The process of feeding or storing these instructions in the computer is known as…
    A. Computer language
    B. Software
    C. Computer programming
    D. Programming environment


    3. The person who knows how 3 to write a computer program correctly is known as a:
    A. Developer
    B. Programmer
    C. Hacker
    D. heft


    4. Computers cannot understand
    A. English
    B. Urdu
    C. Arabic
    D. all of these


    5. Programmers write computer 5 programs in these special languages called:
    A. Computer program
    B. Programming languages
    C. Reserved words
    D. None of these


    6. Programmer needs proper for programming.
    A. Hardware
    B. Software
    C. Tools
    D. Computer
    7. IDE stand for:


    A. Integrated Development Environment
    B. International Development Environment
    C. Integrated Development Experiment
    D. Integrated Donation Environment


    8. A software that provides a programming environment to facilitate programmers in writing and executing computer programs is known as an:
    A. International Development Environment
    B. Reserved Words
    C. Programming environment
    D. Integrated Development Environment


    9. IDEs for C programming language are:
    A. Visual Studio
    B. Xcode
    C. Code::Blocks
    D. All of these


    10. A is a software that 10 allows programmers to write and edit computer Programs.
    A. text editors
    B. Compiler
    C. Computer
    D. Software


    11. All IDEs have their own specific:
    A. Compiler
    B. IDE
    C. Texteditors
    D. Identity


    12. Computers only understand 12 and work in machine language consisting of:
    A. Alphabet
    B. Os and 1s
    C. only 1s
    D. Only Os


    13. A…….is a software that is responsible for conversion of a computer program written in some high level programming language to machine language code.
    A. Compiler
    B. Interpreter
    C. Machine
    D. Printer


    14. Each programming language has some primitive building blocks and provides same 14 rules in order to write an accurate program. This set of rules is known as ..of the language.
    A. Software
    B. Instruction
    C. Error
    D. Syntax


    15. While programming, if proper syntax or rules of the programming language are not followed, the program does not get compiled. In this case, the compiler generates an error. This kind of errors is called.
    A. Syntax errors
    B. Logical error
    C. Programming error
    D. Machine

    16. Which one from the following reserved word? is not a wing
    A. Auto
    B. int
    C. case
    D. print


    17. The main parts of structure of structur of C program are:
    A. 2
    B. 3
    C. 4
    D. 5

    18. General structure of an 18 include statement is as:
    A. #include
    B. #include
    C. #include(hea der_file_name>
    D. #include<h eader_file_ name

    19. Every C program must contain a function and it is the starting point of execution.
    A. main()
    B. header files
    C. Body
    D. ll of these


    20. The body of main() is enclosed in:
    A. <>
    B. []
    C. {}
    D. ()


    21. are the statements in a program that are ignored by the compiler and do not get executed.
    A. Syntax
    B. Comments
    C. Reserve word
    D. Header

    22. The type of comments:
    A. Single-line Comments
    B. Multi-line Comments
    C. Both a and b
    D. None of these


    23. Single-line comments start with:
    A. .
    B. /
    C. //
    D. ;


    24. Multi line comments start with:
    A. >
    B. /*
    C. ??
    D. //


    25. Multi line comments end at:
    A. {
    B. //
    C. /*
    D. / 

    26. Which one from the following is not special symbol?

    A. //
    B. 6
    C. .
    D. ?


    27. The alphabets, digits and special symbols when combined in an allowable manner form:
    A. Constants
    B. Variables
    C. Keywords
    D. All of these


    28. are the values that cannot be changed by a program.
    A. Character Constants
    B. Integer Constants
    C. Constants
    D. Real constants


    29. The types of Constants are:
    A. Integer Constants
    B. Real constants
    C. Character Constants
    D. All of these


    30. The values without a decimal point:
    A. Integer Constants
    B. Real constants
    C. Character Constants
    D. Variables


    31. Which one of the following is a real constant?
    A. -7941.2345
    B. 79412345
    C. -792345a
    D. -7941.23457


    32. A is actually a name given to a memory location, as the data is physically stored inside the computer’s memory.
    A. Constants
    B. Variable
    C. Reserved words
    D. Comments


    33. The value of a can be changed in a program.
    A. Variable
    B. Constants
    C. Comments
    D. None of these


    34. Data type of a variables are:
    A. 3
    B. 4
    C. 5
    D. 1


    35. Integer data type is used to store:
    A. Float value
    B. Signed int value
    C. Integer values
    D. Real value


    36. Integer takes up bytes of memory.
    A. 2
    B. 4
    C. 6
    D. 8


    37. A signed int can store:
    A. Positive value
    B. Negative value
    C. Both a and b
    D. None of these


    38. By default, type int is Considered as a:
    A. Char integer
    B. Unsigned integer
    C. Signed integer
    D. Float


    39. The ranges of Unsigned int is form:
    A. 0 to 4, 294, 967, 295
    B. 0 to plus/minus 4 ,294,967,295
    C. 0 to – 4,294,967,295
    D. 0 to 2.1122222


    40. type is used to store a real number (number with floating point) up to six digits of precision.
    A. Real data
    B. Float data
    C. Int data
    D. Char data


    41. The value ranges of floating data point is form:
    A. 4.4 * 10 ^ – 30 * tc 3.4 * 10 ^ 38
    B. 3.4 * 10 ^ – 37 * to 3.4 * 10 ^ 37
    C. 4.4 * 10 ^ – 38 * to 4.4 * 10 ^ 38
    D. 3.4 * 10 ^ – 38 * to 3.4 * 10 ^ 38


    42. Some examples of valid variable declarations are:
    A. unsigned int age;
    B. float height;
    C. int salary;
    D. All of these

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    For the 10th Class Computer Chapter-1 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    he purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • 10th Class Physics Chapter 13: Electrostatics

    10th Class Chapter 13: Electrostatics Short and Simple Question & Answer

    In this post, you will find solved notes of 10th class physics chapter 11 in PDF. There are no obscure words in these notes, they are simple and well organized. You can download these notes by clicking on the download button at the bottom of this page. View or download these Physics Chapter 11 Audio Notes for Class 10 English Medium. Many students have successfully used the Physics Estimate Paper 2024 by Faiz Ul Islam to achieve good results in their exams.

    Q 1. How can we produce a charge in neutral body?

    Ans: We can produce a charge in neutral body by rubbing it with another neutral body e.g. plastic rod rub with silk.

    Q 2. What is electrostatics?

    Ans: Study of charges at rest is called electrostatics or static electricity.

    Q 3. What is meant by electrostatic induction, for which purpose it is used?

    Ans: In the presence of a charged body, an insulated conductor develops positive charge at one end and negative change at the other end. This process is called the electrostatic induction. This method is used for charging body.

    Q 4. Why is electric charge produced in bodies by friction?

    Ans: When we rub two bodies, we provide external force by rubbing. Then the loosely bound electrons in one body are transferred to the other body. As electrons carry negative charge, therefore, a negative charge is developed on the body which gets electrons and positive charge is developed on the body which loses electrons.

    Q 5. What is purpose electrostatic used?

    Ans: Electrostatic is used in everyday lives which includes photocopying, car painting extracting dust from carpets and form chimneys of industrial machinery.

    Q 6. How electroscope can be charged?

    Ans: Electroscope can be charge by the process of electrostatic induction. It can also be Charged by process of conduction.

    Q 7. Which type of instrument gold leaf electroscope is?

    Ans: The gold leaf electroscope is sensitive instrument for detecting charges. It consists of a brass rod with a brass disk at the top and two thin leaves of gold foil hanging at the bottom. The rod passes through an insulator that keep the rood in place and also remains the charges. Charges can move freely from the disk to leaves through the rod. A thin aluminum foil is attached on the lower portion of the inside of the jar

    Q 8. How can we detect with electroscope that body is conductor or insulator?

    Ans: Electroscope can also be used to distinguish between insulator and conductors. Touch the disk of a charged electroscope with martial under test. If the leaves collapse forms their diverged position the body would be a good conductor. If leaves collapse from their thee is no change in the divergence of the leaves, It will show that the body under test is insulator.

    Q 9. Defined electric field intensity?

    Ans: The strength of electric field at any point in space is known as electric field intensity Formula: E = F qo Thus the electric field intensity at any point is defined as the force acting on a unit positive charge place at that point. Unit: its SI unit is NC-1 .

    Q 10. State the Coulomb’s law.

    Ans: The force of attraction or repulsion between two points charges is directly proportional to the product of the quantity of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

    Q 11. Who introduce the electric lines of force?

    Ans: the direction of electric liens filed intensity in an electric field can also be represented by drawing lines these lines are known as electric lines of force introduced by Michael Faraday.

    Q 12. What is meant by point charges?

    Ans: If the distance between two charged bodies is much greater as compared to their size. the bodies are considered as point charges.

    Q 14. In which direction Coulomb’s force act between the two charges?

    Ans: The Coulomb’s forces have equal magnitude but always act in opposite directions. Q 15. What is SI unit of electric intensity? Ans: SI unit of electric intensity is NC-1 .

    Q 16. What is work of Charles Coulomb?

    Ans: A French scientist Charles Coulomb (1736-1806) in 1785 experimentally established the fundamentals law of electric force between two stationary charged particles

    . Q 17. What is direction of electric intensity?

    Ans: Electric intensity being a force is a vector quantity. Its direction is the same as that of the force acting on the positive test charge.

    Q 18. On which factors the value of K depends?

    Ans: The value of the k depends upon the medium between the two charges and the system of units in which F, q and r are measured is the permittivity of free space.

    Q 19. What is meant by electric potential?

    Ans: Electric potential at a point in an electric field is equal to the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point.

    Q 20. Define Fared?

    Ans: If one Coulomb of charge given to the plates of a capacitor produces a potential difference of one volt between the plates of the capacitor than its capacitance would be one farad.

    Q 21. What is meant by Capacitance?

    Ans: Capacitance is the ability of the capacitor to store charge. It is given by the ratio of Charge and the electric potential. Formula: C = Q V Unit: SI unit of capacitance is fared (F) fared is a large unit, usually we use a smaller unit called micro fared (μF) and pico fared(pF).

    Q 22. Define potential difference between two points.

    Ans: The potential difference between two points can be defined as the energy supplied by a unit charge as it moves from one point two the other.

    Q 23. What is electron volt? Also find its energy in joules.

    Ans: Electron volt [eV] is the unit of energy used to measure the energy supplied by the movement of charges. This is a small unit of energy and is often used in atomic and nuclear physics. It is

    Q 24. How does a capacitor store charge?

    Ans: If +Q amount of charge is transferred to its one plate, due to electrostatic induction it would induce –Q charge on the inner surface of other plate. There exists a force of attraction between the charges +Q stored on the first plate and the charge –Q induced on the inner surface of other plate. Due to this force of attraction, the charges are bound with the plate and remain stored for a long period.

    Q 25. Why charge cannot be stored on capacitor for a long time?

    Ans: Charge cannot be stored on a conductor for a long period of time because the stored charges mutually repel each other due to which they spread on the whole surface of the conductor and also tend to leak out from there.

    Q 26. How static electricity can be generated?

    Ans: Static electricity can be generated by the frictions of the gasoline being pumped into a vehicle or container. It can also be produced when we get out of the car of remove an article of clothing static electric charge build up during transport.

    Q 27. What do you know about paper capacitor?

    Ans: Paper capacitor is an example of fixed capacitors. The paper capacitor has a cylindrical shape. Usually an oiled or greased paper or a thin plastic sheet is used as a di-electric between two aluminum foils. The papers or plastic sheet is firmly rolled in the form of a cylinder and is then enclosed into a plastic case.

    Q 28. How the phenomenon of lightening occurs?

    Ans: The phenomenon of lightening occurs due to a large quantity of electric charge which builds up in the heavy thunder clouds. The thunderclouds are charged by friction between the water molecules in the thunder clouds and the air molecules. When the charge on the thunder clouds is sufficiently high, it can produce positive and negative charges in air. The huge amount of negative charge is discharged to the highest objet on the ground and can harm them.

    Q 29. How static charges are dangerous?

    Ans: If static charges are allowed to discharge through the area where there is petrol vapour a fine can occur. The results are frightening and may be devastating.

    Q 30. What is difference between variable and fixed capacitors?

    Ans: Capacitors are either variable or fixed. In variable capacitors the value of capacitance can be increased or decreases. In fixed type capacitors, the value of capacitance cannot be changed.

    Q 31. How electrolytic capacitor is important?

    Ans: An electrolytic capacitor is important because it is often used to store large amounts of charge at relatively low voltages.

    Q 32. Why parallel plate capacitors are not commonly used.

    Ans: Parallel plate capacitors are not commonly used in most devices because in order to store enough charger, their size must be large which is not desirable.

    Q 33. Why it is very dangerous to swim in the open sea, play in an open field or hide under a tree during a thunderstorm?

    Ans: The phenomenon of lightening occurs due to a large quantity of electric charge which builds up in the heavy thunderclouds. The thunderclouds are charged by friction between the water molecules in the thunderclouds and the air molecules. When the charge on the thunderclouds is sufficiently high, it can produce positive and negative charges in the air. Then the negative charge is discharged to the highest object on the ground and can harm them. So, it may dangerous to swim in the open sea, plan in an open field or hide under a tree during a thunderstorm.

    Q 34. How is Static electricity a major cause of fires and explosions at many places?

    Ans: Static electricity ls a major cause of fires and explosion at many places. A fire or an explosion may occur due to excessive build-up electric charges produced by friction.

    Q 35. What is capacitor and at which principle if work?

    Ans: Capacitor is a device that is used to store charges. It works on the principle of electrostatic induction.

    Q 36. What is the purpose of parallel combination of capacitors?

    Ans: If n capacitors are combined in parallel, then their equivalent capacitance is given by: Ce = C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Cn

    Q 37. How can we determine that an electric field is strong or weak in a certain region?

    Ans: The number of lines of force is related with the strength of the field. lf in a certain region, lines of force are close to each other, the field is strong there. And if lines of force are far-apart from each other, then the field is weaker there. Thus by seeing the lines of force, we can get information about the magnitude and direction of electric field intensity. Q 38. Enlist few uses of capacitors. Ans: They are used in:  Tuning Transmitters  Receiver and Transistor Radios  Table fans. Exhaust fans  Coolers, Air Conditioners  Motors, Washing Machines

    Q 39. For what purpose electrostatics is used in everyday life?

    Ans: Electrostatics is used in everyday lives which includes photocopying, car painting, extracting dust from dirty carpets and from chimneys of industrial machinery.

    Q 40. How automobile manufactures use static electricity to paint new cars?

    Ans: The body of car is charged and then the paint is given the opposite charge by charging the nozzle of the sprayer. Due to mutual repulsion charge particles coming out of the nozzle form a fine mist and are evenly distributed on the surface of the object.

    Q 41. How the phenomenon of lightening occurs?

    Ans: The phenomenon of lightening occurs due to a large quantity of electric charge which builds up in the heavy thunder clouds. The thunderclouds are charged by friction between the water molecules in the thunder clouds and the air molecules. When the charge on the thunder clouds is sufficiently high, it can produce positive and negative charges in air. The huge amount of negative charge is discharged to the highest objet on the ground and can harm them.

    Q 42. Why lightening conductors are used in tall buildings?

    Ans: The purpose of the lightning conductor is to provide a steady discharge path for the large amount of negative charge in the air to flow from the top of the building to the earth. In the way the chances of lighting damage due to sudden discharge can be minimized.

    Q 43. How static electricity can be generated?

    Ans: Static electricity can be generated by the friction of the gasoline being pumped into a vehicle or contain. It can also be produced when we get out of the car or remove an article of clothing. Portable oil containers can also build up a static electric charge during transport.

    Q 44. How static charges are dangerous?

    Ans: If static charges are allowed to discharge through the areas where there is petrol vapour a fire can occur. The results are frightening and may be devastating.

    Q 45. Write any two examples of practical application of electrostatic induction?

    Ans: The applications of electrostatic induction are as: i. Separation o.

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    These 10th class physics notes were prepared according to the syllabus of all Punjab boards. Boards other than Punjab do not follow class 10 physics notes. These Punjab boards are Gujranwala Board, Lahore Board, Faisalabad Board, Multan Board, Rawalpindi Board, Bahawalpur Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Sahiwal.

    Finally, we tried our best to make these notes useful for you. But if you find any errors, however, any suggestions for its further accuracy are invited. And if you find that our efforts help you, share it with your mates because “Sharing is caring”.

  • 10th Class Physics Chapter 14: Current Electricity

    10th Class Chapter 14: Current Electricity Short and Simple Question & Answer

    In this post, you will find solved notes of 10th class physics chapter 11 in PDF. There are no obscure words in these notes, they are simple and well organized. You can download these notes by clicking on the download button at the bottom of this page. View or download these Physics Chapter 11 Audio Notes for Class 10 English Medium. Many students have successfully used the Physics Estimate Paper 2024 by Faiz Ul Islam to achieve good results in their exams.

    Q 1. Define electric current.

    Ans: The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-sectional area is called, electric current. lf the charge Q is passing through an area A in time ‘t’ second, then the current.

    Q 2. What is meant by the conventional current?

    Ans: A current produced due to flow of negative charge is equivalent to a current due to the flow of an equal amount of positive charge in the opposite direction. This equivalent current of positive charge is known as conventional current.

    Q 3. Which type of charge is responsible for the flow of current in metallic conductors?

    Ans: In metals or metallic conductors, the current is due to the flow of free electrons i.e. negative charges. For example, in a copper wire, there are a large number of free electrons which are in random motion. When we apply a potential difference across the wire, these free electrons move through the wire.

    Q 4. In electrolyte which charge is responsible for the flow of current?

    Ans: The molecules of electrolytes are dissolved among positive and negative ions in a solution. Thus current in electrolytes is due to the flow of both positive and negative charges.

    Q 5. How energy is obtained due to the flow of charges?

    Ans: When a positive charge moves from a point of higher potential to a point of lower potential, it gains energy from the electric field. During the flow of electric current, positive charges flow continuously from a high potential to a low potential point. Thus the electric current becomes a continuous source of energy.

    Q 6. How a galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter?

    Ans: The galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting suitable resistance in series with it. The value of the resistance depends upon the range of the voltmeter. Usually, its value is several thousand ohms. Thus the resistance of a voltmeter is very high.

    Q 7. How a galvanometer is converted into an ammeter?

    Ans: A Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a small resistance parallel to it. This small resistance is known as a “shunt”. Shunt provides an alternative path for the current to flow. The major part of the current passes through the shunt and a small fraction of it flows through the galvanometer.

    Q 8. Why resistance of the ammeter is kept low?

    Ans: lf the resistance of the ammeter is kept high, then a high amount of current flows through the galvanometer. When a high amount of current flows through the galvanometer then the galvanometer can be burnt. that is why the resistance of the ammeter is kept low.

    Q 9. Why resistance of the voltmeter is kept high?

    Ans: If the resistance of the voltmeter is comparatively low, it will draw more current from the circuit. Due to this the potential difference across the resistance for the measurement, of which the voltmeter was connected, would drop.

    Q 10. On what factors reliability of the voltmeter depend?

    Ans: Higher the resistance of the voltmeter. More reliable would be its readings. Therefore, a good voltmeter should have such a high resistance so that no or very little current could pass through it.

    Q 11. Differentiate between electromotive force and potential difference.

    Ans: Electromotive force: the electromotive force of a battery or cell is the total energy supplied in driving a one-coulomb charge around a complete circuit in which the cell is connected. The complete circuit includes the cell and external circuit connected to the terminals. Potential difference: the potential difference determines the energy between any two points of the circuit which is required in moving a charge from one point to another.

    Q 12. State and explain Ohm’s law. Write down its limitations.

    Ans: “The value of current I passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference V applied across its ends, provided the temperature and the physical state of the conductor do not change. Mathematical form: V = IR Limitations of Ohm’s law: Ohm’s Law is applicable only in the case of metallic conductors when their temperature and physical state do not change.

    Q 13. Define resistance and its unit.

    Ans: The property of a substance that opposes the flow of current through it is called its resistance. Where R is resistance, V is the potential difference and I is current., S.I unit of resistance is Ohm. Which is defined as Ohm: “lf a current of one ampere passes through it when a potential difference of one volt is applied across its ends then resistance would be one Ohm. Ohm is usually represented by the Greek letter Ω.

    Q 14. What are the factors upon which the resistance of a conductor depends?

    Ans: Resistance of the conductor depends upon the following factors: i. Length of the conductor (L) ii. Area of cross-section of the conductor (A) iii. Nature of the conductor iv. Temperature

    Q 15. Why does the resistance of a conductor increase with the rise of its temperature?

    Ans: When the temperature of the conductor rises, the average speed of the random motion of the free electrons increases, which enhances the rate of collision of electrons and atoms. This causes an increase in the resistance of the conductor.

    Q 16. Why do we always use metal wires for the conduction of electricity?

    Ans: Because they are good conductors of electricity and offer less resistance to the flow of current. Metals like silver and copper have an excess of free electrons which are not held strongly with any particular atom of metals. These free electrons move randomly in all directions inside metals. When we apply an external electric field these elections can easily move in a specific direction. This movement of free elections in a particular direction under the influence of an external field causes the flow of current in metal wires.

    Q 17. What do you mean by insulators?

    Ans: The substances through which almost no current flows are called insulators. Bns: Examples: The examples of insulators are glass, wood, plastic, Our, silk, etc.

    Q 18. State Joule’s Law.

    Ans: The amount of heat generated in a resistance due to the flow of charges is equal to the product of the square of current I, resistance R, and the time duration t. mathematically:

    Q 22. What are live and neutral wires?

    Ans: Electricity is distributed to various houses in a city from a power station using two wires: i. Neutral wire: One wire is earthed at the power station, so it is at zero potential. This wire is called a neutral wire. This wire provides the return path of the current. It is black or blue. ii. Live wire: The other wire on the power station is at some certain potential called the live wire. The potential difference between both wires is 220. It is red or brown.

    Q 23. How electricity is dangerous for us?

    Ans: Our body is a good conductor of electricity through which current can easily pass. Therefore, if a person holds the live wire, then because of the presence of voltage in it, current will start flowing to the ground through the human body which may prove fatal for the person.

    Q 24. What is cable? And how it should be used?

    Ans: “An insulated covered wire is known as cable”. The cable should be used keeping the following things in mind:  The layer of insulation in the cable is perfect and is not damaged.  Sometimes a heavy current flows through the wire and it gets so hot that its insulation is burnt out and the wire becomes naked and it becomes dangerous.  Constant friction also removes the insulation from the wire whereas too much moisture also damages the insulation. In such a situation it is advisable to use a cable with two layers of insulation.

    Q 25. Define fuse and write down its principle.

    Ans: “A small wire connected ln series with the live wire is known as fuse wire or fuse”. Principle: A specified amount of current can safely pass through it. When the current following through it exceeds this limit, it gets so hot that it melts.

    Q 26. What do you know about the Fuse rating?

    Ans: We can determine the required fuse rating for a circuit. Suppose we want to insert a fuse for an air conditioner or heater of power 3000W. If the voltage supply is 240V, then according to relation P =V x I, we gel I = 12.5A. The available fuses in the market are usually of rating 5A, 10A, 13A, 30A, etc. Hence suitable fuse for this circuit would be of l3A.

    Q 27. What is a Circuit Breaker? Also, write down its principles.

    Ans: It is a safety device that is used in place of a fuse. Due to any fault when the current exceeds the safety limit, then the button of the circuit breaker moves upward. Due to this the circuit breaks and the flow of the current is stopped in lt. Principle: The Current flowing through the electric circuit also flows through the coil of the circuit Breaker due to which the coil becomes electromagnet. When the current is within its limits the contact points of the circuit are connected and the circuit is completed. As soon as the current exceeds the limit, the magnetic force of the electromagnet is so increased that it attracts the iron strip towards it. Hence the contact points are separated and the circuit breaks.

    Q 28. What is the working principle of Earth wire?

    Ans: Whenever the metal casing of the appliance, due to faulty insulation, gets connected with the live wire, the circuit shorts and a large current would immediately flow to the ground through the earth wire and cause the fuse wire to melt or the circuit breaker breaks the circuit. Therefore, the person who is using the appliance is saved.

    Q 29. On what principle circuit breaker work?

    Ans: The circuit flowing through the electric circuit also flows through the coil of the circuit breaker due to which the coil becomes electromagnet. When the current is within its limits, the contact points of the circuit are connected and the circuit is completed. As soon as the current exceeds the limit, the magnetic force of the electrometric is so increased that it attracts the iron strip towards it. Hence the contact points are separated and the circuit breaks.

    Q 30. How earth wire is useful to us?

    Ans: Whenever the metal casing of the appliance, due to faulty insulation, gets connected with the live wire, the circuit shorts and a large current would immediately flow to the ground through the earth wire and cause the fuse wire to melt or the circuit breaker breaks the circuit. Therefore, the person who is using the appliance is saved.

    Download PDF Format

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    These 10th class physics notes were prepared according to the syllabus of all Punjab boards. Boards other than Punjab do not follow class 10 physics notes. These Punjab boards are Gujranwala Board, Lahore Board, Faisalabad Board, Multan Board, Rawalpindi Board, Bahawalpur Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Sahiwal.

    Finally, we tried our best to make these notes useful for you. But if you find any errors, however, any suggestions for its further accuracy are invited. And if you find that our efforts help you, share it with your mates because “Sharing is caring”.

  • 10th Class Physics Chapter 15: Electromagnetism

    10th Class Chapter 15: Electromagnetism Short and Simple Question & Answer

    In this post, you will find solved notes of 10th class physics chapter 11 in PDF. There are no obscure words in these notes, they are simple and well organized. You can download these notes by clicking on the download button at the bottom of this page. View or download these Physics Chapter 11 Audio Notes for Class 10 English Medium. Many students have successfully used the Physics Estimate Paper 2024 by Faiz Ul Islam to achieve good results in their exams.

    Q 1. Define electric current.

    Ans: The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-sectional area is called, electric current. lf the charge Q is passing through an area A in time ‘t’ second, then the current.

    Q 2. What is meant by the conventional current?

    Ans: A current produced due to flow of negative charge is equivalent to a current due to the flow of an equal amount of positive charge in the opposite direction. This equivalent current of positive charge is known as conventional current.

    Q 3. Which type of charge is responsible for the flow of current in metallic conductors?

    Ans: In metals or metallic conductors, the current is due to the flow of free electrons i.e. negative charges. For example, in a copper wire, there are a large number of free electrons which are in random motion. When we apply a potential difference across the wire, these free electrons move through the wire.

    Q 4. In electrolyte which charge is responsible for the flow of current?

    Ans: The molecules of electrolytes are dissolved among positive and negative ions in a solution. Thus current in electrolytes is due to the flow of both positive and negative charges.

    Q 5. How energy is obtained due to the flow of charges?

    Ans: When a positive charge moves from a point of higher potential to a point of lower potential, it gains energy from the electric field. During the flow of electric current, positive charges flow continuously from a high potential to a low potential point. Thus the electric current becomes a continuous source of energy.

    Q 6. How a galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter?

    Ans: The galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting suitable resistance in series with it. The value of the resistance depends upon the range of the voltmeter. Usually, its value is several thousand ohms. Thus the resistance of a voltmeter is very high.

    Q 7. How a galvanometer is converted into an ammeter?

    Ans: A Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a small resistance parallel to it. This small resistance is known as a “shunt”. Shunt provides an alternative path for the current to flow. The major part of the current passes through the shunt and a small fraction of it flows through the galvanometer.

    Q 8. Why resistance of the ammeter is kept low?

    Ans: lf the resistance of the ammeter is kept high, then a high amount of current flows through the galvanometer. When a high amount of current flows through the galvanometer then the galvanometer can be burnt. that is why the resistance of the ammeter is kept low.

    Q 9. Why resistance of the voltmeter is kept high?

    Ans: If the resistance of the voltmeter is comparatively low, it will draw more current from the circuit. Due to this the potential difference across the resistance for the measurement, of which the voltmeter was connected, would drop.

    Q 10. On what factors reliability of the voltmeter depend?

    Ans: Higher the resistance of the voltmeter. More reliable would be its readings. Therefore, a good voltmeter should have such a high resistance so that no or very little current could pass through it.

    Q 11. Differentiate between electromotive force and potential difference.

    Ans: Electromotive force: the electromotive force of a battery or cell is the total energy supplied in driving a one-coulomb charge around a complete circuit in which the cell is connected. The complete circuit includes the cell and external circuit connected to the terminals. Potential difference: the potential difference determines the energy between any two points of the circuit which is required in moving a charge from one point to another.

    Q 12. State and explain Ohm’s law. Write down its limitations.

    Ans: “The value of current I passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference V applied across its ends, provided the temperature and the physical state of the conductor do not change. Mathematical form: V = IR Limitations of Ohm’s law: Ohm’s Law is applicable only in the case of metallic conductors when their temperature and physical state do not change.

    Q 13. Define resistance and its unit.

    Ans: The property of a substance that opposes the flow of current through it is called its resistance. Where R is resistance, V is the potential difference and I is current., S.I unit of resistance is Ohm. Which is defined as Ohm: “lf a current of one ampere passes through it when a potential difference of one volt is applied across its ends then resistance would be one Ohm. Ohm is usually represented by the Greek letter Ω.

    Q 14. What are the factors upon which the resistance of a conductor depends?

    Ans: Resistance of the conductor depends upon the following factors: i. Length of the conductor (L) ii. Area of cross-section of the conductor (A) iii. Nature of the conductor iv. Temperature

    Q 15. Why does the resistance of a conductor increase with the rise of its temperature?

    Ans: When the temperature of the conductor rises, the average speed of the random motion of the free electrons increases, which enhances the rate of collision of electrons and atoms. This causes an increase in the resistance of the conductor.

    Q 16. Why do we always use metal wires for the conduction of electricity?

    Ans: Because they are good conductors of electricity and offer less resistance to the flow of current. Metals like silver and copper have an excess of free electrons which are not held strongly with any particular atom of metals. These free electrons move randomly in all directions inside metals. When we apply an external electric field these elections can easily move in a specific direction. This movement of free elections in a particular direction under the influence of an external field causes the flow of current in metal wires.

    Q 17. What do you mean by insulators?

    Ans: The substances through which almost no current flows are called insulators. Bns: Examples: The examples of insulators are glass, wood, plastic, Our, silk, etc.

    Q 18. State Joule’s Law.

    Ans: The amount of heat generated in a resistance due to the flow of charges is equal to the product of the square of current I, resistance R, and the time duration t. mathematically:

    Q 22. What are live and neutral wires?

    Ans: Electricity is distributed to various houses in a city from a power station using two wires: i. Neutral wire: One wire is earthed at the power station, so it is at zero potential. This wire is called a neutral wire. This wire provides the return path of the current. It is black or blue. ii. Live wire: The other wire on the power station is at some certain potential called the live wire. The potential difference between both wires is 220. It is red or brown.

    Q 23. How electricity is dangerous for us?

    Ans: Our body is a good conductor of electricity through which current can easily pass. Therefore, if a person holds the live wire, then because of the presence of voltage in it, current will start flowing to the ground through the human body which may prove fatal for the person.

    Q 24. What is cable? And how it should be used?

    Ans: “An insulated covered wire is known as cable”. The cable should be used keeping the following things in mind:  The layer of insulation in the cable is perfect and is not damaged.  Sometimes a heavy current flows through the wire and it gets so hot that its insulation is burnt out and the wire becomes naked and it becomes dangerous.  Constant friction also removes the insulation from the wire whereas too much moisture also damages the insulation. In such a situation it is advisable to use a cable with two layers of insulation.

    Q 25. Define fuse and write down its principle.

    Ans: “A small wire connected ln series with the live wire is known as fuse wire or fuse”. Principle: A specified amount of current can safely pass through it. When the current following through it exceeds this limit, it gets so hot that it melts.

    Q 26. What do you know about the Fuse rating?

    Ans: We can determine the required fuse rating for a circuit. Suppose we want to insert a fuse for an air conditioner or heater of power 3000W. If the voltage supply is 240V, then according to relation P =V x I, we gel I = 12.5A. The available fuses in the market are usually of rating 5A, 10A, 13A, 30A, etc. Hence suitable fuse for this circuit would be of l3A.

    Q 27. What is a Circuit Breaker? Also, write down its principles.

    Ans: It is a safety device that is used in place of a fuse. Due to any fault when the current exceeds the safety limit, then the button of the circuit breaker moves upward. Due to this the circuit breaks and the flow of the current is stopped in lt. Principle: The Current flowing through the electric circuit also flows through the coil of the circuit Breaker due to which the coil becomes electromagnet. When the current is within its limits the contact points of the circuit are connected and the circuit is completed. As soon as the current exceeds the limit, the magnetic force of the electromagnet is so increased that it attracts the iron strip towards it. Hence the contact points are separated and the circuit breaks.

    Q 28. What is the working principle of Earth wire?

    Ans: Whenever the metal casing of the appliance, due to faulty insulation, gets connected with the live wire, the circuit shorts and a large current would immediately flow to the ground through the earth wire and cause the fuse wire to melt or the circuit breaker breaks the circuit. Therefore, the person who is using the appliance is saved.

    Q 29. On what principle circuit breaker work?

    Ans: The circuit flowing through the electric circuit also flows through the coil of the circuit breaker due to which the coil becomes electromagnet. When the current is within its limits, the contact points of the circuit are connected and the circuit is completed. As soon as the current exceeds the limit, the magnetic force of the electrometric is so increased that it attracts the iron strip towards it. Hence the contact points are separated and the circuit breaks.

    Q 30. How earth wire is useful to us?

    Ans: Whenever the metal casing of the appliance, due to faulty insulation, gets connected with the live wire, the circuit shorts and a large current would immediately flow to the ground through the earth wire and cause the fuse wire to melt or the circuit breaker breaks the circuit. Therefore, the person who is using the appliance is saved.

    Download PDF Format

    Like our Facebook page for  education Faizul Islam Updates.

    These 10th class physics notes were prepared according to the syllabus of all Punjab boards. Boards other than Punjab do not follow class 10 physics notes. These Punjab boards are Gujranwala Board, Lahore Board, Faisalabad Board, Multan Board, Rawalpindi Board, Bahawalpur Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Sahiwal.

    Finally, we tried our best to make these notes useful for you. But if you find any errors, however, any suggestions for its further accuracy are invited. And if you find that our efforts help you, share it with your mates because “Sharing is caring”.