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  • Class 11th Computer Chapter 1: Fundamantals of Internet

    11th Class Chapter 1: Fundamantals of Internet Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Computer Chapter 1 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Computer Chapter 1 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. What is Information Technology (IT)?

    Ans. Information Technology (IT) is the use of computing and high-speed communication to share information globally, connecting computers for data exchange.

    Q2. Differentiate between System Software and Application Software?

    • Ans. System Software: Controls computer operations and enables other applications. Examples include operating systems and utility programs.
    • Application Software: Solves specific user problems and is divided into custom-built and packaged software.

    Q3. Differentiate between Dot Matrix and Daisy Wheel Printers?

    • Ans. Dot Matrix Printer: Prints characters one at a time using pins in a matrix.
    • Daisy Wheel Printer: Resembles a typewriter with a circular print wheel.

    Q4. Define Memory Cell, Memory Word, and Byte?

    Ans. Memory Cell: An electronic switch that stores 0 or 1.

    • Memory Word: A group of bits representing data.
    • Byte: A group of 8 bits.

    Q5. Write a short note on a plotter?

    Ans. A plotter is an output device used for large-format printing of architectural drawings, maps, and charts. It works by moving a pen on paper to draw lines.

    Q6. Define the working of a scanner?

    Ans. A scanner is a light-sensing input device that scans images with light, converting them into digital form for storage in a computer.

    Q7. Brief Note on Non-impact Printers?

    Ans. Non-impact printers, like Laser, Inkjet, and Thermal printers, produce characters and graphics on paper without physically striking it. They use methods such as lasers, heat, and pressure to create prints. These printers are faster, quieter, and offer better print quality compared to impact printers.

    Q8. Definition of Static and Dynamic Memory Devices?

    • Ans. Static Memory Devices: These are semiconductor memory devices that don’t need periodic refresh. They are faster than dynamic memory devices. Example: SRAM.
    • Dynamic Memory Devices: These semiconductor memory devices require periodic refreshing, making them slower. Example: DRAM.

    Q9. Short Note on Computer Software?

    Ans. Computer software is a set of instructions given to a computer to solve specific problems. It tells the computer what to do and how to do it, enabling various operations. Software is developed by writing instructions in a programming language.

    Q10. Description of RAM and Its Types?

    Ans. RAM (Random Access Memory) allows direct access to individual bytes and temporarily stores data and instructions. It’s volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the power is turned off. RAM has two types: DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and SRAM (Static Random Access Memory).

    Q11. Explanation of Access Time in RAM?

    Ans. Access time in RAM is the time taken by a processor to read or write data, measured in nanoseconds. Faster access time leads to quicker processing. For fast RAM chips, the access time is typically around 70 nanoseconds.

    Q12. Brief on System Development in Information System Development?

    Ans. System Development involves writing program code in a programming language. It’s a crucial phase where programmers and software engineers use program specifications, algorithms, and flowcharts to create software.

    Q13. Definition of Cycle Time?

    Ans. Cycle time is the duration needed to perform a read or write operation on a memory location and return to its original state for the next operation. It’s measured in nanoseconds and is typically longer than access time.

    Q14. Difference Between Random Access Memory and Sequential Access Memory?

    Ans. Random Access Memory (RAM): Allows the CPU to perform random read and write operations. It’s read/write memory, very fast, with the same access time for any memory location.

    Sequential Access Memory: Enables the CPU to perform read and write operations sequentially, reading and storing information one after the other. It’s slower, with varying access times for different locations.

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    For the 11th Class Computer Chapter 1 Fundamantals of Internet

    , this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 8: Introduction TO Chemical kinetics

    11th Class Chapter 8: Introduction TO Chemical kinetics Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 8 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 8 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Define activation energy and activated complex?

    Ans: Activation energy is the maximum amount of energy more than the average energy, which is just sufficient convert reactants into products.
    Activation complex is the collection of molecules of reactions as the time of collision having greater energy than the reactions and products. At this stage old bonds become
    weak and the possibilities for the new bonds are then.

    Q.2: What is temperature coefficient of a reaction?

    Ans: It has been observed that by increasing the temperature of a reaction by 10 K. the rate constant doubles. This is called temperature coefficient of a reaction. Bagsp

    Q.3: What is the effect of temperature on tire activation energy of a reaction?

    Ans: Activation energy of the chemical reactions is a constant parameter and does not depend upon the temperature. Any how, by increasing the temperature greater number of molecules get a chance to cross the activation energy barrier.

    Q.4: The rate of a chemical reaction is an ever changing parameter under the given conditions?

    Ans: When the reaction progresses, the reaction is very fast at the beginning, slow somewhere in the middle and very very slow at the end. The reason is that rate depends upon the concentration according to the law of mass action. The Concentrations decreases every moment, so rate decreases every moment.

    Q.5: The reaction rate decreases every moment but the rate constant ‘K’ of the reaction is a constant quantity, under the given conditions? Justify it?

    Ans: Rate constant is the rate of chemical reaction when the concentration of reactants are unity.
    A+B C+D
    The concentration of A and B decreases with the passage of time, so the rate decreases, but the rate constant “K” remains the same for the reactions throughout, its progress under the given conditions.

    Q.6: When the reaction become zero order?

    Ans: Those chemical reactions whose rates are independent of the concentrations of reactants and are mostly influenced by a suitable catalyst, or light are zero order reaction. Thus units for rate constant for such reactions are equal to the units of rates of reactions.

    Q.7: The radioactive decay is always a first order reaction? How?

    Ans: Radioactive substance have a single species at a moment whose nucleus is being broken up without the help of any external agency. So only one reactant is present and it allows the first order mechanism.

    Q.8: What type of information is obtained for the order of reaction from half life period of that reactions?

    Ans: Half life period depends upon the initial concentration of reactants. Actually, half life period is inversely proportional to the initial concentration of reactants raised to the power one less than the order of reaction. So from the initial concentration and half life period order of reactions can be calculated.

    Q.9: The reaction happened due to collisions among the molecules, but all the collisions are not fruitful?

    Ans: In order to do the chemical reaction, a minimum amount of energy, more than the average energy is required. Hence only those collisions will prove to be fruitful whose energies are more than or equal to the energy of activation. Moreover, proper orientation is also required. Due to these facts the reactions do not happen in a single moment, but they takes some times.

    Q.10: How the energy activation can be calculated from the Arrhenius plots?

    Ans: When a graph is plotted between inverse of temperature on x-axis and log k on the y- axis, then a straight line with the negative slope is obtained. The slope of this straight line gives us the energy of activation.

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    For the 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 8 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 7: Solution & Electrolytes

    11th Class Chapter 7: Solution & Electrolytes Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 7 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 7 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Why the boiling point of a solution of a non-volatile solute in a volatile solvent is always greater than the boiling point of a pure solvent?

    Ans: The elevation of the boiling point of the solution is due to the lowering of vapour pressure of the solution as compared to the pure solvent. In the case of solution the vapour pressure becomes less. In order to equalize the vapour pressure of the solution to the external pressure, more temperature us required than that in the pure suite of the solvent. Which causes elevation of boiling point.

    Q.2: Why a non-volatile solute in a volatile solvent lowers vapour pressure of solution?

    Ans: The particles of the solute are distributed throughout the bulk of the solution and some of the particles of the solute are also present on the surface of the solution. The number of molecules of the solvents per unit area on the surface of the solution become less. Hence the evaporating tendency of the solvent decreases and vapour pressure of solution becomes less.

    Q.3: Why the freezing points are depressed due to presence of solute?

    Ans: The lowering of vapour pressure compels the solutions to freeze at those temperature, which are below the freezing point of pure solvent. The reason is that the vapour pressure temperature curve meets the solid phase of pure solvent at lower temperature than the pure solvent.

    Q.4: Boiling poi of solvents increase due to the pressure of solute. Why?

    Ans: The surface of the solution has molecules of solute as well. They do not allow the solvent to leave the surface as rapidly as in pure solvent. The boil the solutions we have to increase the temperature of solutions in comparison to pure solvents.

    Q.5: Define Colligative properties? Name some important Colligative properties?

    Ans: Those properties of solutions, which depend on the number of the properties. These properties are:
    ➤ Lowering of vapour pressure
    ➤ Elevation of boiling point
    ➤ Depression of freezing point
    ➤ Osmotic pressure

    Q.6: What is the effect of temperature on the conjugate solution of water and phenol?

    Ans: Water and phenol are partially miscible. They make two distinct solutions and two separate layers at room temperature. By increasing the temperature, the composition of the two conjugate solution change and at 65.9°C a homogeneous mixture of two components is formed.

    Q.7: What is conjugate solution?

    Ans: When two partially miscible liquids are mixed, two layers are produced, They are the solutions of one component into the other. These two solutions have distinct line of demarcation and are called conjugate solutions.

    Q.8: What are the hydrates? How are they formed?

    Ans: The crystalline substances that contain chemically combined water in definite proportional
    is called a hydrate. They are produced when aqueous solution of soluble salt is evaporated.

    Q.9: How the forces of attraction between the ions and the solvent molecules depend upon the charge densities of the ions?

    Ans: Smaller the size of the ion or greater the amount of the positive charge on the ion, greater the charge density. Such ions have greater forces of attractions. For the molecules of the solvent. They are solved more effectively. Negatively charged ions are bigger in size, so that are not solvated in a better way.

    Q.10: How the ions are stabilized when a strong electrolyte like NaCl and KCI are dissolved in H₂O?

    Ans: Strong electrolyte area dissolved to the maximum extent and positive and negative ions are produced. These ions are surrounded by the water molecules as follows. Their charged are satisfied by the solvent molecules. In this way, they get the stabilities. INT

    Q.11: Heat lution of a substance Is measured at infinite dilution? Why?

    Ans: Actually the maximum amount of heat is evolved or absorbed, when each particle of one mole of solute is completely solved by the solvent molecules. These solvated particles of the solute should be far away from each other in the solution. This is only possible when this solution is very dilute.

    Q.12: When the heat of solution in negative, then increase in temperature decreases the solubility and vice versa? Why?

    Ans: When the heat of solution is negative it means that the vessel is heated up during the solution formation. So when heat is supplied from outside, then the system will go to that side where greater amount of heat can be stored and that is the side of low solubility.

    Q.13: Why the NaCl and KNO, are used to lower the melting point of ice?

    Ans: NaCl and KNO, are electrolytes and are sufficiently soluble in water. They double the number of particles after dissociation in water. In this way, they can manage to decrease the freezing point of water to a greater extent as compared to a non-electrolyte.

    Q.14: The concentration in terms of molarity is independent of temperature, but morality depends upon temperature? Why?

    Ans: In molal solutions the mass of the solvent and that of the solute are also fixed. The masses of the substances are not temperature dependent. In molar solutions are have the volume of solutions. Volume of a liquid is a temperature dependent. So the molality is not influenced by temperature but molality does change.

    Q.15: The total volume of the solution by mixing 100 cm³ of water with 100 cm³ of alcohol may not be equal to 200 cm³? Justify it?
    Ans: In one molal solution of urea, 60 grams of urea is dissolved in 1000 g of water, which is approximately 1000 cm³ of water. In one molar solution of urea, 60 g of urea is added in water to make total volume of solutions as 1000 cm³. So the volume of water in molar solution is concentrated and molal solution is dilute.

    Q.16: Why glucose is not soluble in CCl4, but dissolve in water?

    Ans: The molecule of glucose has strong hydrogen bonding due to the presence of give -OH groups, CCI, being non polar molecule solvent, cannot break the hydrogen bond ing among glucose molecules water is polar solvent, so it breaks the hydrogen bonding of glucose and dissolves it.

    Q.17: What do you mean by discontinuous solubility curves?

    Ans: The graph between solubilities and temperature may show a sudden change in the direction. Such a graph is called discontinuous solubility curve. Such curve is the combinations of two or more than two curves due to the changing behaviours of that compound.

    Q.18: How does fractional crystallization help in removing the impurities from a solid substance?

    Ans: The impure substance is dissolved in hot solvent. The solute to be purified should be less soluble than impurities. When cooling is done, this solute settle down in the form of crystals and impurities are left behind in the solution. Filtration is done to get the crystals of the required substances.

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    For the 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 7 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 6: Chemical Equilibrium

    11th Class Chapter 6: Chemical Equilibrium Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 6 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 6 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Justify that chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature?

    Ans: In reversible chemical reactions the molecules of reactions collide and convert into products. At the same time the molecules of the products are converted into reactants. When two opposing forces maintain the equal, rates then equilibrium is there and that is dynamic equilibrium in nature.

    Q.2: When does four types of chemical equilibrium constants for a reaction become equal?

    Ans: When we have such a reversible reaction, in which the total number of moles of reactants and products are equal then Kp = Kc = Kn. In order words An = 0, where An is the difference of number of moles of reactants and products.

    Q.3: The change of temperature disturbs the equilibrium position and the equilibrium constant of reaction? Justify?

    Ans: All the reversible reactions are disturbed by changing their equilibrium position and equilibrium constant by disturbing the temperature. Actually change of temperature changes the energy contents of reactants and products.

    Q.4: Why is solubility of cose in water is increased by increasing the temperature?

    Ans: The solubility of glucose in water is an endothermic process. Increase of temperature pushed the system to that side where heat is absorbed, and that is the side where solubility increases.

    Q.5: What the nature of solution having PH = 7.5?

    Ans: The solution with PH 7 is neutral and having values more than 7 have greater concentration of OH and less concentration of H*, so the solution is basic.

    Q.6: What is buffer capacity?

    Ans: Buffer capacity is a ability of a buffer to resist the change of PH, when a few drops of an acid and base is added from outside. The best buffer is obtained. (i) when PH of the buffer is equal to Pka of the acid and the concentration of the salt and acid are equal. (ii) The OH of the buffer is equal to Pkb or the base.

    Q.7: Why do we need buffer solution?

    Ans: Buffer solutions are used in many industrial processes as electroplating manufacture of leather, preparation of dyes and manufacture of photographic materials. Buffer solutions are used by analytical chemists and to calibrates PH meter. They are also in culture media.

    Q.8: How does a catalyst affect a reversible reaction?

    Ans: A catalyst affects the rates of both steps equally, so the equilibrium position remains the same. It means that equilibrium constant should be the same. Actually a catalyst decreases the energy of activation of the chemical reaction by giving a new path to the reaction. In this way, a greater % age of reactant molecules is able to cross the energy barrier and the rate of reaction increases.

    Q.9: What is meant by stage of chemical equilibrium?
    Ans: In reversible chemical reactions two opposing reactions occur. A stage reaches for the reaction when the rates of two opposing reactions are equal. This stage is called stage of chemical reaction.

    Q.10: Why the rates of chemical reaction is depend upon the concentrations of reactants?

    Ans: This is according to the law of mass action. The rates of chemical reactions are directly proportional to the product to the active masses of reactants. Greater the number of molecules, greater the collisions and greater the rate.

    Q.11: Why is the equilibrium blished? Only the reaction vessel is closed for a gaseous reaction?

    Ans: If some of the products or the reactants in the open vessel leave the vessel during the progress of the reaction then the stage of equal rates in distributes and equilibrium can not be established. In such situation the reaction is pushed to the toward direct ion or backward direction.

    Q.12: The change of volume disturbs the equilibrium position for some of the gaseous phase reactions but not the equilibrium constant. Why?

    Ans: Those gaseous phase reversible reactions, which happens with changing number of moles are affected by the change of volume at equilibrium stage. Their equilibrium position is disturbed, but equilibrium is not changed.

    Q.13: What is the effect of rise in temperature on the stability of Kl in water?
    Ans: The heat of solution of KI in water in positive. It means it is an endothermic process. When the temperature is increased, it will absorb more heat and more dissolution will take place.

    Q.14: What is buffer solution?

    Ans: A solution which resists the change of PH, when a small amount of an acid or a base is added in that. Buffer are prepared by mixing two components. Weak acid + salt with a strong base. Weak base + salt with a strong acid.

    Q.15: Define the effect of common ion solubility? Give examples?

    Ans: According to the Le Chatelier’s principle, if a common ion is added in a solution, then the solubility of the electrolyte decreases and the solute is completed to settle down. If Cl are added in saturated solution of NaCl, then NaCl settles down, because its solubility decreases.

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    For the 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 6 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 5: Energetics of Chemical Reaction

    11th Class Chapter 5: Energetics of Chemical Reaction Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 5 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 5 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: How the lattice energy of the ionic compound can be measured by Born Haber cycle?

    Ans: We first of all determine heat of formation of compound in laboratory. The heat of sublimation, heat of ionization, amount of electron affinity, bond dissociations energy of the substances are equalized with heat of formation.

    Q.2: State the first law of Thermodynamic and give its mathematical form?

    Ans: According to the first law of thermodynamic. energy can neither be created nor destroyed. If a gas is enclosed in a piston cylinder arrangement and it is heated by giving some calories of energy, then the piston can be pushed to the backward direction. So some of the heat is converted into internal energy and others used up to do the work.

    Q.3: How do we determine the AH in the laboratory for food, fuel etc.?

    Ans: For this purpose, bomb calorimeter is used. The substance under test is ignited electrically in the atmosphere of oxygen. The amount o at produced is calculated from the mass of the substance, specific heat of the calorimeter and change of temperature.

    Q.4: The total energy of a system is the sum of translational, rotational and vibrational motions? Justify it?

    Ans: The substances are consisted of atoms, ions and molecules. If a system is in liquid or gaseous state then its constituent particles have translational motion along three axis x, y and z space. They need energy for this. For rotational motion along three axis they also need energy. Various types of vibrational motions of the bonds make the bonds to compress and stretch. They also demand energy. So the total energy of a system is a sum of all these three types of energies.

    Q.5: How the temperature of the system changes during exothermic and endothermic reactions?

    Ans: In an exothermic reaction, heat is evolved with increases the temperature of the system. In an endothermic reaction, heat is absorbed so the temperature of the system falls down. These statement are true when the system is isolated.

    Q.6: What is a spontaneous process?

    Ans: That process which takes on its own is called spontaneous process. No external assistance is required. It moves from non-equilibrium state towards the equilibrium state. It is unidirectional and irreversible.

    Q.7: What is state and state function?

    Ans: The condition of a system is called state of a system. The initial state is a description before a change happens. Final state is a description after a change takes place. State function is the macroscopic property of a system, which has some definite values for initial and final states and is independent of the path which is adopted to bring out the change.

    Q.8: Define the following terms:
    ➤ Enthalpy
    ➤ Endothermic reaction.
    Ans: Enthalpy is the total heat content of the system. It cannot be measured. We can only measure the enthalpy changes of a system. Those chemical reactions whose enthalpy is positive and they absorb the heat during the process of the reaction are called endothermic reaction.

    Q.9: What is the physical signifwance of equation AH = qp?

    Ans: AH is the enthalpy change and qp is amount of heat supplied at constant pressure. This equation shows that the expansion of the gas takes place and work is done by the system.

    Q.10: How will you differentiate between AE and AH? Is it true that AH and AE have the same value for the reactions taking place in the solution state?

    Ans: AH is the heat change at constant pressure, while AE is the heat change at constant volume. In the solution state the pressure is constant, So, there is no difference in AE, and AH in such solution. There is no change in volume when the reaction happens in liquid or solid state.
    Hence
    PΔV = 0
    ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
    ΔΗ = ΔΕ + P Χ Ο
    ΔH = ΔE

    Q.11: Specific heat of a substance depends upon the nature of substance? Why?

    Ans: Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1 kelvin. The specific heat of H2O is 42 Jg¹k, while for ethanol it is 2.4 Jg¹k¹. Actually it is the capability depends upon the structure, bond angles and vibrational frequencies of the bonds etc.

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    For the 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 5 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding

    11th Class Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 4 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 4 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: What is bond? Define the mean types of bonds?
    Ans: DEFINITION:

    The attraction forces which bind the two or more atoms (like or unlike) molecule of a compound is called chemical bond.
    TYPES OF BOND:

    There are three types of chemical bond defined the follows.
    Ionic Bond:

    It is formed by transference of electron between two atoms also known as electrovalent bond. Such a bond which is formed by the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ion is called ionic or Electrovalent bond.
    Covalent Bond:

    It is formed between two atoms by the mutual sharing of electrons is known as covalent bond.
    Coordinate Covalent Bond:

    Formed by one sharing of electrons (in which one atom provides shared pair of electrons)

    Q.2: whta is single convalent bond?

    Ans: Which is formed by the mutual sharing of one electron pair between two atoms e.g. HCIH-CL-HCL

    Q.3: What is double covalent bond?

    Ans: Which is formed between two atoms by the mutual sharing of two electrons pairs and denoted by double bond (=) e.g. 0:00 0

    Q.4: What is triple covalent bond?

    Ans: Covalent bond formed by mutual sharing of three electron pairs also known as triple covalent bond denoted by triple bond. e.g.

    Q.5: Define Dipole Moment?

    Ans: DEFINITION:
    Dipole moment of a molecule is defined as the vector equal in magnitude to the product of the electric charge “q” and the distance “r” having the direction of the line joining positive and negative centres.
    Mathematical representation
    Dipole moment = charge x distance
    i.e.µ = qxr

    Q.6: What is Bond Energy?

    Ans: It is the amount of energy released or the amount of energy required during the formation or breaking of the bond between two atoms respectively. e.g. CICI has B.E = 2.44 kj/mole.

    Q.7: What is hybridization?

    Ans: The term hybridization means blending or mixing of pure atomic orbitals of different energies and shape to give equal number of hybrid orbitals having the same energy and shape. This newly produced orbitals are known as hybridized or hybrid orbitals.

    Q.8: What is hydrogen bonding?

    Ans: The attractive force which combines the electropositive hydrogen atom of one molecule with the electronegative atom of the other molecule is known as “hydrogen bond”. To distinguish hydrogen bond it is represented by dotted line (……..). This is known “protonic bridge”. e.g. Hydrogen bonding in HF Practicaentre
    H&+ – F&-
    Hydrogen bond in HF
    H&+ – F8-

    Q.9: What is the shape of water molecule as per Lewis structure?

    Ans: The shape of water molecule as per lewis structure Hu central oxygen atom is surrounded by four active pairs.

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  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 3: The Atomic Structure

    11th Class Chapter 3: The Atomic Structure Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 3 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 3 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: What are defects of Rutherford’s atomic model?

    Ans: Rutherford’s atomic model are:
    ➤ It is based on the laws of the motion and the gravitation. These laws charged bodies like electrons.
    ➤ The revolving electron should emit the energy continuously and by producing a spiral path, it should ultimately fall into the nucleus. But actually the atoms don’t do.
    The atom should go continuously spectra, but they give the line spectra.

    Q.2: How does Bohr introduce the Plank’s Quantum Theory in hic model?

    Ans: Bohr produced that electrons move around the nucleus in the fixed orbits with definite energies. Whenever, they change the orbits they eit or absorb the energy in terms of photons which was suggested by Planks.

    Q.3: Indicate the limiting line of Balmer series?

    Ans: When the electrons jumps from an infinite orbit to n = 2 of hydrogen atom then this line on the photographic plate is called the limiting line, it has energy and lies in the u.v region.

    Q.4: How did Rutherford’s model of an atom first af all proved the existence of nucleus of the atom

    Ans: Rutherford’s observed that most of the alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil without any deflection from the path. Few of them were deflected at some angles more than 900 and a few were deflected heavy and positively charged part at the center. This heavy part at the centre is called nucleus.

    Q.5: Why the anode rays depend upon the nature of the gas?

    Ans: Anode rays are those particles which are consisted of rest of the atom or molecule after the removal of one electron. The mass of every anode rays particle depends upon the nature of the gas, so the anode ray for all gaseous substances are different.

    Q.6: The e/m value of positive rays for different gases are different? But those for cathode rays the elm value are same? Justify?

    Ans: The nature of particles of positive rays in a discharge tube depend upon the nature of the gas because the nucleus of every gas has its own number of protons and neutrons.Greater the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom or nuclei of the molecule, smaller the elm values. In this case of cathode rays which are always electrons. E/m values remain the same.

    Q.7: Define Hund’s Rule?

    Ans: This rule is concerned with the distribution of electrons in degenerate orbitals. These orbitals may be atomic or molecular. According to this rule if degenerate orbitals are available and more than one electrons are to be placed in them, then place them in separate orbitals with the same spin rather than putting them in the same orbital with opposite spin.

    Q.8: The magnetic quantum number gives us the orientation of orbital in space? Justify?

    Ans: In order to designed the direction of p-sub shell, we need an additional quantum number and that is called magnetic quantum number. It tells us the orientation of orbital in space p sub shell has the orbitals and they have three directions in spacer For each there s a separate value of magnetic quantum number.

    Q.9: What is the function of principle of quantum number?

    Ans: This quantum number () give us the shape of the orbital.
    When n = 0, the orbital is S
    When n = 1, the orbital is P
    When n = 2, the orbital is d
    When n = 3, the orbital is f

    Its value also determines the energy of electrons.

    Q.10: Heisenberg’s uncertainly principle has no relation with Bohr’s Atomic model? Justify it?

    Ans: Since the electron has wavy nature and paths are elliptical as well, so the simultaneous determination of position and momentum is not possible. But Bohr’s model does not accommodate the wavy nature of electron. He says that the paths are fixed orbits and their orbits are planer. It means that Bohr’s model is very simple as compared to Heisenberg’s uncertainly principle.

    Q.11: Explain Cathode rays are material particles having definite mass and velocities?

    Ans: Cathode rays are material particles having definite mass and velocity because they derive as small peddle wheel placed in their path.

    Q.12: Describe continuous spectrum?

    Ans: In this spectrum boundary line between the colours cannot be marked the colours and diffused into each other. It is obtained from sunlight or bulb light. Example of continuous spectrum is rainbow.

    Q.13: Define atomic spectrum?

    Ans: In this spectrum lines are separated by definite distance depending upon the nature of element.

    Q.14: How are x-rays produced?

    Ans: X-rays are produced when rapidly moving electron collide with heavy metal and in the discharge tube.

    Q.15: Give the characteristics of Electrons, protons and neutrons?

    Ans: CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRON:
    It is a negatively charged particle.
    Charge of electron is 1.6022 x 1019 coulombs.
    Mass of electron is 0.00548597 a.m.u. Or 1.1 x 10¹³¹ kg.
    Electron is represented by “e”. Electrons revolve around the nucleus of atom is different circular orbits.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTON:
    Proton is a positively charged particle. Charge of proton is 1.6022 x 1019 coulombs.
    Mass of proton is 1.0072766 a.m.u. Or 1.6726 x 1027 kg.
    Proton is 1837 times heavier than an electron. Protons are present in the nucleus of atom.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF NEUTRON:
    It is a neutral particle because it has no charge.
    Mass of neutron is 1.0086654 a.m.u. Or 1.6749 x 10-27 kg.
    Neutron is 1842 times heavier than an electron.
    Neutrons are present in the nucleus of an atom.

    Q.16: How is wavelength of the electron related to momentum of electron?
    Ans: Wavelength of electron is related to the momentum of electron on
    y = h/mv
    where
    Am is the mass of particle
    V is the velocity of electron
    ……is the De borglie’s wavelength.

    Q.17: Cathode rays are deflected towards positively charged plate and cathode rays deflected towards negatively charged plate? Justify?

    Ans: Cathode rays consist of negatively charged particles and anode rays consist of positively charged particles. Because opposite charges attract each other therefore cathode rays are deflected towards positively charged plate and anode rays are deflected towards negatively charged plate.

    Q.18: Cathode rays produce shadow of an opaque object placed in their path? Explain?

    Ans: Because cathode is material in nature and consists of streams of particles which are not pass through opaque and form shadow.

    Q.19: Why the anode rays called canal rays?

    Ans: Because anode rays pass through canals (opening/cuts into cathode) and they are called canal rays.

    Q.20: Alpha rays have penetrating power than Beta rays?

    Ans: Alpha rays have high penetrating power than beta rays due to being relatively heavy particles.

    Q.21: Gamma rays have more penetrating power than alpha and beta rays? Justify?

    Ans: Gamma rays have high penetrating power on account of high velocity and non – material nature.

    Q.22: Beta have high velocity than alpha rays? Why?

    Ans: Because alpha particles are heavier than beta particles.

    Q.23: How positive rays are produced?

    Ans: Positive rays are produced when high speed cathode rays strike with the molecules of a gas enclosed in the discharged tube.

    Q.24: How the bending of the cathode rays in the electric and magnetic fields shows that they are negatively charged?

    Ans: Cathode rays are deflected towards the positive plate when electric field applied. It shows that cathode rays are negatively charged. When cathode rays are passed through the magnetic field, they bend perpendicularly to the joining line of two poles.
    This is due to the negative charge. Anyhow, positively charged particles will bend in opposite direction to that of electrons.

    Q.25: Why is it necessary to decrease the pressure in the discharge tube to get the cathode rays?

    Ans: The pressure in discharge tube is decreased to allow the cathode rays and anode rays to move freely from one electrons to other. In this way, the possibility of collisions between rays and the molecules are minimized.

    Q.26: Why the cathode rays are produced in the discharge tube by applying a high voltage?

    Ans: When the voltage of 5000-10000 volts is applied at the pressure of around 0.01 torr, then a glow appears and cathode rays travel from cathode towards the anode in the discharge tube. High voltage is necessary to break the molecules of the gas into atoms and to remove the electrons from outermost orbitals.

    Q.27: Why elm value of the cathode rays is just equal to that of electron?

    Ans: Since cathode rays are electrons, so their elm values are just equal to those of electrons.

    Q.28: Which observations tell the presence of cathode rays in the discharge tube?

    Ans: Cathode rays produced in the discharge tube fall upon the surface of the glass tube, just opposite to the cathode surface giving fluorescence. Fluorescence has different colours, which depends upon the nature of the glass tube.

    Q.29: Flow mass of au element is calculated from elm and charge?

    Ans: Mass of electron is calculated by using e/m value and charge of electron from Millikan oil chop experiment as:
    e/m = 1.7588 x 10¹¹ coulomb Kg”¹
    e = 1.6022 x 1019 coulombs

    Q.30: State Pauli’s exclusion iple and Hunds rule?

    Ans: According to Pauli principle no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. According to the Hund’s rule, if degenerate orbitals are available and more than two electrons are to be placed in them, then place in separate orbitals with the same spins rather than in the same orbital with the opposite spins.

    Q.31: Give the properties of neutron?

    Ans: PROPERTIES OF NEUTRONS:
    ➤ Neutron is electrically neutral particles.
    ➤ The mass of a neutron is almost the same as the mass of a proton.
    ➤ Mass of a neutron = 1.0087 a.m.u. or 1.6750 x 1027 kg.
    ➤ A free neutron decays into a proton with the emission of an electron and neutron.
    ➤ They can not ionize gases.
    ➤ They are highly penetrating particles.
    ➤ They can expel high speed protons from paraffin, water, paper and cellulose.
    ➤ Fast and slow neutrons.
    ➤ Neutrons are used as projectiles.
    ➤ When slow moving neutrons hit the Cu metal, radioactive Cu is produced along with the emission of Gamma Rays.

    Q.32: Give the properties of a, ß, y rays?

    Ans: PROPERTIES OF α RAYS:
    ➤ α – rays consist of a particle. Each a particle consists of ₂He nucleus.
    ➤ α- particle carry positive charge. Mass of each a particle is 4 times that o or H-atom.lonization power of a rays is very high.
    ➤ Penetration power of a rays is very small.
    ➤ α-rays produce fluorescence in different substances. a rays produce burn and source on human body.
    ➤ α-rays can produce artificial radioactivity in certain nuclei.
    ➤ They have strong ionization power because they remove electrons from the atoms of gas through which they pass. Blogspot.com
    ➤ Their velocity range is 3 x 10′ m/s to 3 x 10 m/s
    PROPERTIES OF ẞ RAYS:
    ➤ ẞ-rays consist of fast moving electrons,
    ➤ ẞ-rays have negative charge.
    ➤ Velocity of ẞ-rays is from 9 x 10′ m/sec to 27 x 10′ m/sec.
    ➤ ẞ-rays affect the photographic plate.
    ➤ lonization power of ẞ-rays is very small.
    ➤ Kinetic energy of ẞ-rays is less than that of a – rays.
    ➤ ẞ-rays produce fluorescence in different substance.
    PROPERTIES OF Y RAYS:
    ➤ y-rays are electromagnetic radiations.
    ➤ y-rays have no charge.
    ➤ y-rays travel with the velocity of light that is 3 x 108 m/sec.
    ➤ Penetration power of y-rays is very large. It is about hundred times larger than that of B-rays.
    ➤ y-rays produce feeble fluorescence when incident on screen coated with barium platino cyanide.

    Q.33: Give the properties of Cathode Rays?

    Ans: PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS:
    ➤ These rays originate from cathode.
    ➤ Cathode rays travel in straight line.
    ➤ Cathode rays exert mechanical pressure.
    ➤ The cathode rays consist of material particles because they produce shadow of objects placed in the way.
    ➤ Cathode rays deflect in electric field towards the positive terminal.
    ➤ Cathode rays deflected by magnetic field.
    ➤ Cathode rays penetrate small thickness of matter such as alumimium foil, gold foil etc.
    ➤ These rays carry a negative charge.

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    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 2: Experimental Techniques in Chemistry

    11th Class Chapter 2: Experimental Techniques in Chemistry Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 2 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 2 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Greater the temperature of the gas closer the straight line of p verses 1/V to the pressure axis. Justify? co

    Ans: When the temperature of same gas increased for the number of moles, then the volume increase at the same pressure. The inverse of volumes decrease at the same pressure. So the points for the graph is above the temperature graph.

    Q.2: Hydrogen gas diffuses faster than CO2?

    Ans: As the molecular weight of H₂ is lighter than CO₂ and according to the Grahams law the rate of diffusion of gases is inversely proportional to the square root of their molecular weights. So hydrogen gas diffuses faster than CO₂. bingspun

    Q.3: Why is the Boyle’s law applicable only to the ideal gas?

    Ans: Boyle’s law is applicable to those gases which have no forces of attractions among the molecules. Such gases are ideal so Boyle’s law of applicable to only ideal gases. Kiritalianja

    Q.4: Charles’s law is not obeyed when the temperature is measured an Celsius Scale? Justify it?

    Ans: The foundation stone of Charles’s law is the absolute scale of temperature which starts

    Q.5: Dalton’s law of partial pressure is only applicable to those mixtures of gases which are ideal, and they do not react with each other under the green condition? Why?

    Ans: Dalton’s law is applicable to the mixtures of gases. All the gases in the mixture should have no forces of attraction or repulsions so that they may be able to axert their own pressures independently. This is only possible when the gases are non-polar.

    Q.6: How the value of the general gas constant “R” can be derived with the help of Avogadro’s law?

    Ans: According to Avogadro’s law, the volume of one of all the ideal gases at S. T. P are 22.4 dm³.

    Q.7: Calculate the S.I unit of R?

    Ans: According to Avogadro’s law we put the values of P. V. T and n the value of R.

    Q.8: The pressure cooker helps in cooking the meat and vegetables quickly even at high altitude?

    Ans: In pressure cooker vapors are not allowed to escape, they therefore develop more vapour pressure in the cooker and boiling point of water increases. Thus vegetables and meat is cooked quickly in the cooker even at high altitude.

    Q.9: HF is the weaker acids in halogen acid explain?

    Ans: In halogen acids HF is the weaker acid because in HF hydrogen bonding is present due to which HF does not loose H* easily as compared to other acids.

    Q.10: Boiling point of water is higher than that of HF?

    Ans: Boiling point of H2O is greater than that of HF because F atom form one H bond and per molecule while H₂O form two H bonds or molecule.

    Q.11: When water freezes ix occupies in ore space and its density decreases. Explain?

    Ans: When water freezes its molecules are arranged regularly and empty spaces are produced due to which percentage of volume is increased, hence density decreases.

    Q.12: Vapour Pressure, Boiling point increases with increase in external pressure?

    Ans: V.p and b.p increases with the increase in external liquid becomes equal to external pressure. Thus by increasing external pressure V.P and b.p also increase.

    Q.13: Explain why metallic crystals are good conductor of electricity, hut ionic crystal are not?

    Ans: In metallic crystals valence electrons are loosely held and move freely throughout the crystal. Therefore they are good conductors of electricity. In ionic crystals ions are present which are not able to move in an electric field due to strong inter ionic attraction. Hence ionic crystals do not conduct electricity.

    Q.14: Explain why density of a liquid decreases with increase in temperature?

    Ans: When a liquid is heated the average K.E. of the molecules increases and intermolecular force of attraction decreases. Consequently, the intermolecular distance increases, this results in expansion of liquid and density is lowered.

    Q.15: Density of H₂O is maximum at 40 C? Explain?

    Ans: The density of water is maximum at 40C because the molecules form big clusters at this temperature due to extensive hydrogen bonding.

    Q.16: Liquid are miscible while solids are not?

    Ans: Solid cannot mix-up ordinarily to form homogeneous mixture like liquids and gases because the solid particles possess only vibration motion and no transitional motion as in liquid.

    Q.17: Rate of diffusion in liquids in slow as compared to gases?

    Ans: Diffusion occurs due to transnational motion of the matter particles from one place to another. In gases particles possess greater intermolecular space where liquids have little intermolecular spaces therefore in case gases molecules are easily pass through the intermolecular spaces of other liquid for mixing up.

    Q.18: The effect of pressure on the volume of liquid is negligible?

    Ans: The molecules of a liquid are so close that their intermolecular distance can not be decreased appreciably by applying pressure. That is why the effect of pressure on the volume of liquid is negligible.

    Q.19: When a gas obeys the Boyle’s the isothermal for the gas can be plotted? Justify?

    Ans: Isotherms are the graphs between pressure and volume at constant temperature and number of moles. This condition is fulfilled by Boyle’s law. The word isotherms means “same temperature”.

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    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Chemistry Chapter 1: Introduction to Fundamtal Concepts of Chemistry

    11th Class Chapter 1: Introduction to Fundamtal Concepts of Chemistry Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Chemistry Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1: Give reasons that formation of positive ion is in endothermic reaction?

    Ans: Formation of positive ion is an endothermic process because heat is required to remove electron from a neutral atom to form positive ion.

    Q.2: Why a physical change is temporary change?

    Ans: Because due to the physical change no new substances are formed, therefore it is temporary change.

    Q.3: Explain why chemical change is permanent change?

    Ans: As during chemical change new substances are formed so it is a permanent change.
    Example:
    ➤ Rusting of iron.
    ➤ Conversion of water in a steam.

    Q.4: Why a limiting reactant controls the quantities of products in a chemical reaction?
    Ans: The limiting reactant is a substance which produces least of products after its complete consumption. After the complete consumption of the limiting reactant no more products are formed, as the reactants are not mixed in stoichiometric amounts to form products. During a chemical reaction. Thus a limiting reactant controls the quantities of products in a chemicle reaction.

    Q.5: what is the atomic mass unit?

    Ans: It is a unit of mass used for atoms and molecules and it equal to the 12 of the mass of carbon atom – 12. It is obtained by dividing the unity by Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 1023).

    Q.6: Define empirical formula and explain how it is related to molecular formula?
    Ans: The simplest formula of a substance which tells us the ratio of atoms in the molecule of a substance is called empirical formula.
    MF = n(E.F)

    Q.7: Why molecular formula is the multiple of empirical formula? Give one example?

    Ans: The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of different elements present in a compound. Molecular formula tells us the number of atoms of each element in a molecule. Hence the empirical formula has to be multiplied with a suitable digit to get the molecular formula.

    Q.8: N₂ and CO have same number of electrons, protons and neutrons. Justify?
    Ans:     In N₂:
    No. of electrons in N₂ = 7+7=14
    No. of protons in N₂ = 7+7=14
    And No. of neutrons in N₂ = (14-7)=7+7=14
    No. of electrons in C=6
    No. of electrons in 0=8
    Total number of electrons = 6 +8=14
    Number of protons in C=6
    Number of protons in 0=8
    Total number of protons 6 + 8 = 14
    Number of neutrons in C = 6
    Number of neutrons in 0=8
    Total number of neutrons = 6 + 8 = 14

    Q.9: How can the efficiency of a chemical reaction can be expressed?

    Ans: The efficiency of a chemical reaction can be expressed by the percentage yield of the chemical reaction. Percentage yield depends upon the ratio of actual yield and theoretical yield.

    Yield (%) = Actual Yield / Theoriical Yield × 100

    Q.10: Distinguish between actual and theoretical yield?
    Ans:     The amount of the product that is obtained in a chemical reaction is called actual yield. The amount of product calculated from balanced chemical equation is called theoretical
    yield.

    The efficiency of the chemical reactions can be calculated as

    Yield (%) = Actual Yield × 100 P / Theoretical Yield

    Q.11: What is limiting reagent? How it helps to control the reaction?

    Ans: A limiting reagent is that one, which is in lesser quantity and it is consumed earlier.
    Whenever, it is consumed then the further formation of the product stops, although then
    excess reagent is lying in the vessel if the limiting reagent is not available to the excess
    reagent then product can be found further.

    Q.12: Whenever an electron is removed from the atom a cation is produced and the formation of the cation is au endothermic process. Why?

    Ans: The number of electrons and protons in an atom are equal. When the electron is removed from the atom, energy has to be supplied. So it is an endothermic process. The ion developed from the positive charge and is called action.

    Q.13: Why the isotopes have the same chemical properties?

    Ans: The isotopes of an element have the same number of electrons in different orbitals. They have the same number of unpaired electrons in the outermost shells. The number of unpaired electrons in the outermost orbitals determines the chemical properties of elements.

    Q.14: Define Avogadro’s number? How does it relate to the masses of chemical substances?

    Ans: It is the number of atoms, molecules or ions in one gram mole of an element compound and ion. One – gram mole of the substance is the atomic mass, molar mass or ionic mass taken in grams. It means that the number of the species is related with the masses of the species.

    Q.15: Prove that one mole of each N₂, CO₂ and H₂ contain equal number of molecules?

    Ans: This is according to Avogadro’s law that one mole of a substance has 6.02×10-23 molecules in it. So 28 grains of H2, 44 grams of CO2 and 2 grams of H₂ have 6.02×1023 molecule in each.

    Q.16: Differentiate between limiting and non limiting reactants?

    Ans: Limiting reactant produces least of products after its complex consumption, while non limiting reactant does not do so.

    Q.17: Define Stoichiomety?

    Ans: The study of quantitative between the reactants and products in a balanced equation Id called Stoichiometry.

    Q.18: Give reasons that one mole of different compounds have different masses but has the same number of molecules?

    Ans: One mole of different compound have different masses because different compounds have different molecular masses but all have same number as 1 mole is equal to 6.02×1023 molecules.

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    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Biology Chapter 8: Kingdom Fungi

    11th Class Chapter 8: Kingdom Fungi Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Biology Chapter 8 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Biology Chapter 8 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Biology Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q.1 What is hypha?

    Ans. Hypha is a long, slender, branched and thread like filament of fungal body.

    Q.2 What are fungi? OR Define fungi?

    Ans. The eukaryotic organisms which have cell wall but cannot synthesize their food are called fungi.

    Q.3 What is mycelium?

    Ans. Mycelium is body of fungi which represent group of hyphae.

    Q.4 What do you mean by Bioremediation?

    Ans. Bioremediation organisms. means degrading or removed environmental poisons or pollutants by

    Q.5 What is haustoria?

    Ans. These are special hyphae produced in parasitic fungi. These hyphae penetrate into the host tissue and absorb food.

    Q.6 What is the advantage of incomplete septa in septate hyphae?

    Ans. Septa of many septate fungi have a pore through which cytoplasm flows from cell to cell, carrying materials to growing tips.

    Q.7 Why yeasts are different from other fungi?

    Ans. Yeasts differ from other fungi as they are unicellular.

    Q.8 Name sexual and asexual spores of Ascomycota?

    Ans. Sexual spores are called ascospores borne in asci while asexual spores are called conidia in Ascomycota.

    Q.9 What are the main types of mycorrhiza?

    Ans. (i) Endomycorrhizae (ii) Ectomycorrhizae
    (i) Endomycorrhiza: in which the fungal hyphae penetrate the outer cell of the plant root, forming coils, swellings and minute branches, and also extend out into surrounding soil.
    (ii) Ectomycorrhiza: in which the hyphae surround and extend between the cells but do not penetrate the cell walls of the roots. These are found in pines, firs etc.

    Q.10 Why is green mould more likely to contaminate an orange kept in refrigerator than the bacteria?

    Ans. Fungi can tolerate temperature extremes 5-6°C below freezing and hence are more likely to contaminate an organe kept in a refrigerator than the bacteria.

    Q.11 How fungi get its mutrients?

    Ans. (i) Most fungi are decomposers i.e., obtain their flood from dead organisms. e.g., Yeast, Agaricus.
    (ii) Some fungi are parasites i.e., obtain food from living worst host. e.g., rust and smut.
    (ii) Some are predators e.g., Arthrobotrys.

    Q.12 What do you mean by term karyogamy?

    Ans. The fusion of nuclie in different mycelia is called karyogamy.

    Q.13 What are yeats?

    Ans. Yeasts are unicellular microscopic fungi which are non-hyphal in structure.

    Q.14 What is parasxuality?

    Ans. The exchange of portion of cromosomes of two nuclei lying in the same hyphae.

    Q.15 What are the benefits of mychrrohizae?

    Ans. The fungal hyphae of mychrrohizae increase the amount of soil contact and total surface area for absorption and help in direct absorption of minerals and nutrients from the soil. enry com

    Q.16 Name any four important fungal diseases of plants?

    Ans. (a) Rusts (b) Smuts
    (c) Powdery mildews (d) Potato wilt

    Q.17 Name any four important fungal disease of humans?

    Ans. (i) Ringworm (ii) Aspergillosis (iii) Histoplasmosi (iv) Oral and vaginal thrush

    Q.18 Some enzymes of fungi are useful on one hand and harmful on other? Discuss.

    Ans. Some fungal enzymes are used in fermentation and brewing industry but digesting enzymes of some saprotrophic fungi spoil our food, plastic, paper and textile.

    Q.19 What do you mean by Rust?

    Ans. It is fungal disease of platns. As its colour is brown like that of iron, so it is called as rust.

    Q.20 What is the difference between dikaryotic and diploid?

    Ans. Fungal cells having two nuclei of different genetic make up are called dikaryotic while
    having two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell or hypha is called diploid
    condition.

    Q.21 Define obligate parasites?

    Ans. Obligate parasites can grow only on their living host and cannot grown on available defined
    growth culture medium. For example many suit species.

    Q.22 Differentiate between plasmogamy and karyogamy?

    Ans. Fusion of cyctoplasm is plasmogamy and fusion of nuclei is karyogamy.

    Q.23 Define facultative parasite?

    Ans. They can grown parasitically on their host as well as by themselves on artificial growth media.

    Q.24 What are ascospores?

    Ans. Most sac fungi have asci inside macroscopic fruiting bodies called ascocarps, the visible morels.

    Q.25 Write two differences between fungi and animal?

    Ans. Fungi are different from animals as:
    (i) They are non-motile.
    (ii) They have absorptive mode of nutrition.

    Q.26 What is ergotism?

    Ans. Ergotism is caused by eating bread made from purple ergot-contaminated rye flour. The poisonous material in the ergot causes nervous spasm convulsion, even gangrene.

    Q.27 What is the method of traping nematodes in arthrobotrys?

    Ans. Some species of Arthrobotrys trap soil nematodes by forming constricting ring, their hyphae invading and digesting unlucky victim.

    Q.28 How asexual reproduction takes place in fungi?

    Ans. Asexual reproduction takes place by spores, conidia, fragmentation, and budding.

    Q.29 What is Rhodotorula?

    Ans. Rhodotorula is a pink yeast which grows on shower curtains and other moist surfaces.

    Q.30 Give a single characteristic that differentiates zygomycota from basidiomycota?

    Ans. Zygospores are formed in zygomycota while basidiospores are the sexually reproducing
    spores in basidiomycota.

    Q.31 What is the composition of fungal cell wall and how is this composition advantageous to fungi?

    Ans. Cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin, which is more resistant to decay than are cellulose and lignin which make up plant cell wall.

    Q.32 What do you mean by histoplasmosis?

    Ans. It is a serious infection of lungs caused by inhaling spores of a fungus, which is common in soil contaminated with bird’s feces.

    Q.33 Write two similarities of plants with fungi?

    Ans. They resemble plants in some respects i.e.
    (1) They have cell wall.
    (ii) They lack centrioles and are non-motile.

    Q.34 Write two dissimilarities of plants with fungi?

    Ans. They differ plants as:
    (i) Fungi are hetrotrophs.
    (ii) They lack cellulose in their cell walls and contain chitin.

    Q.35 Differentiate between the members of each of the following pairs?
    (a) Spore/Conidium
    (b) Ascus/Basidium
    (c) Dikaryotic / diploid
    (d) Ascocarp/ascus
    (e) Obligate parasite / Facultative parasite
    (f) Endomycorrhizae / Ectomycorrhizae
    (g) Plasmogamy / Karyogamy

    Ans. (a) Spore/Conidium: Spores are non-motile, small asexual structures produced inside the reproductive structures called sporangia, which are cut off from the hyphae by complete septa. Conidia (singular conidium) are non-motile, asexual spores which are cut off at the end of modified hyphae called conidiophores, and not inside the sporangia, usually in chains or clusters.
    (b) Ascus/Basidium: Basidiomycotes have sexual reproductive structure, the basidium (plural basida), on which basidospores are formed. Ascomycetes produce haploid sexual spores called ascospores inside their characteristic sac like structures called asci (single-ascus).
    (c) Dikaryotic / Diploid: A fungal hypha / cell having 2 nuclei of different genetic types is called dikaryotic (heterokaryotic) hypha / cell. A cell or organism having full set of chromosomes e.g., 46 or 23 pairs in man, is called diploid.
    (d) Ascocarp/ Ascus: Ascus is the characteristic sac like structure in which ascoposores are formed by meiosis while ascocarp is the macroscopic fruiting body in which asci are present.
    (e) Obligate Parasites/ Facultative Parasities:
    Obligate Parasites: They can grow only on their living host and cannot be grown on available defined growth culture medium e.g., various mildews and most rust species.
    Facultative Parasites: These organisms (fungi, bacteria) can grow parasitically on
    their host as well as by themselves in artificial growth media.
    (f) Endomycorrhizae / Ectomycorrhizae:
    (i) Endomycorrhizae, in which the fungal hyphae penetrate the outer cell of the plant root, forming coils, swellings and minute branches, and also extend out into surrounding soil.
    (ii) Ectomycorrhizae, in which the hypahe surround and extend between the cells but do not penetrate the cell walls of the roots. These are mostly formed with pines, firs etc. However, the mycelium extends far out into the soil in both kinds of mycorrhizae.
    (g) Plasmogamy / Karyogamy: The fusion of nuclei is called karyogamy while the fusion of cytoplasm is called plasmogamy.

    Q.36 What are Hyphae? What is advantage of having incomplete septa?

    Ans. Hyphae: Mcyelium consists of long slendrer, branched, tubular, thread like filaments called the hyphae (singular hypha). Hyphae spread extensively over the surface of substratum. Their walls are composed of chitin, so their wall is highly resistant to decay. Hyphae may be septate or non-septate.
    Advantage of having Incomplete Septa: Cytoplasm flows from cell to cell, carrying the materials to growing tips and enabling the hyphae to grow rapidly when food and water are abundant and temperature is favourable.

    Q.37 What is the composition of fungal cell wall and how is this composition advantageous to fungi?

    Ans. Fungal cell walls are composed of chitin, so their wall is more resistant to decay than are cellulose and lignin which make up plant cell wall.

    Q.38 To which phyla do the yeasts belong? How they differ from other fungi?

    Ans.Yeasts are unicellular microscopic fungi, derived from all the three different groups of fungi but mostly Ascomycetes, and reproducing mostly asexually by budding. However, yeasts reproduce sexually by forming asci / ascospores or basidia / basidiospores. They ferment carbohydrate (glucose) to ethanol and carbon dioxide. They are non-hyphal.

    Q.39 Name sexual and asexual spores of ascomycetes?

    Ans. Sexual spores are ascospores while asexual spores are conidia.

    Q.40 What are mycorrhizae?

    Ans. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic association between certain fungi and roots of vascular plants
    (about 95% of all kinds of vascular plants). The fungal hypahe dramatically increase the
    amount of soil contact and total surface area for absorption and help in the direct absorption
    of phosphorus, zinc, copper and other nutrients from the soil into the roots. Such plants
    show better growth than those without this association. The plant, on the other hand,
    supplies organic carbon to fungal hyphae.

    Q.41 By what means can individuals in imperfect fungi be classified?

    Ans. Individuals in imperfect fungi can be classified on the basis of DNA sequence, though
    sexual structures may not be found.

    Q.42 Give a single characteristic that differentiates Zygomycota from Basidiomycota?

    Ans. In Zygomycota, non-septate, multinucleate hyphae are present while in Basidiomycota, septate dikaryotic hyphae are found.

    Q.43 State two paralleled characteristics of ascomycete and Basidiomycetes?

    Ans. Ascomycete:
    (i) Their sexual spores are called ascopsores.
    (ii) Nuclear fusion in the basidium is followed by meiosis.

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    For the 11th Class Biology Chapter 8 Introduction to Programming, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that differ from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

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