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  • 2nd year Physics guess paper

    2nd year Physics guess papers 2024 Punjab Board

    You are trying to get 12th class Physics estimation paper 2024 in urdu and Physics medium then you are on right website. We have uploaded the best quality estimate paper of class 12th Physicss in both media.  Our useful Physics 12th class estimation paper is valid for all Punjab boards. including BISE Faisalabad, BISE Lahore, BISE Gujranwala, BISE Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), BISE Sargodha, BISE Sahiwal, BISE Multan and BISE Jammu Kashmir. Many students practice Physics Guess Paper 2024 by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good grades in the exam.

    Important Short Questions

    All chapters Questions

    1. Why are heavy nuclei unstable?
    2. A particle which produces more ionization is less penetrating. Why?
    3. What factors make a fusion reaction difficult to achieve?
    4. Give two uses of radioactivity in medicine.
    5. What is meant by background radiations? Give its sources.
    6. Distinguish between nucleon number and atomic number.
    7. What is meant by half-life?
    8. Describe a brief account of interaction of various types of radiations with matter.
    9. Is energy conserved when an atom emits a photon of light?
    10. What do we mean when we say that the atom is excited?
    11. What are the advantages of laser over ordinary light?
    12. What is the speed of an electron in the first Bohr orbit?
    13. Give characteristics of X-rays.
    14. What is meant by spontaneous emission?
    15. Explain why laser action could not occur without population inversion between atomic levels.
    16. Define the following: a. Band spectra b. Line spectra c. Spectroscopy
    17. We do not notice he de Broglie wavelength for a pitched cricket ball. Explain why?
    18. When does light behave as a wave? When does it behave as a particle?
    19. What is threshold frequency?
    20. Is it possible to create a single electron from energy?
    21. What are the advantages of an electron microscope over an optical microscope?
    22. What is the minimum energy required to eject an electron from the metal surface?
    23. What is meant by inertial and non inertial frames of reference?
    24. Why don’t we observe the Compton Effect with visible light?
    25. What is uncertainty principle
    26. What is the net charge on an n-type or p-type substance?
    27. Why ordinary silicone diodes do not emit light?
    28. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor.
    29. Why is the base current in a transistor very small?
    30. Calculate the output of the op-amp circuit shown in the figure.
    31. Define rectification and draw a circuit diagram for half wave rectifier.
    32. The inputs of a gate are 1 and 0. Identify the gate is its output is (a) 0, (b) 1.
    33. What is an operational amplifier? Give its characteristics.
    34. What is meant by forward biased and reverse biased?
    35. Distinguish between polymeric, crystalline and amorphous solids.
    36. What is meant by strain energy? How can it be determined from the force-extension graph?
    37. Define the following: (i) strain (ii) stress (iii) superconductor.
    38. What is meant by para, dia and ferromagnetic substances? Give example of each.
    39. A 1.5 cm diameter cylinder is subjected to a load of 2500 kg. Calculate the stress on the bar in mega Pascal.
    40. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. How will you obtain n-type and p-type semiconductors from silicon?
    41. What is meant by hysteresis loss? How is it used in the construction of a transformer?
    42. What is meant by compressive deformation?
    43. Define modulus elasticity.[1]
    44. Why D.C cannot flow through a capacitor?
    45.What is meant by A.M and F.M?
    46. Define the following: (i) inductor (ii) choke (iii) impedance.
    47. How does doubling the frequency affect the working of inductor and capacitor?
    48. Differentiate between amplitude modulation and frequency modulation.
    49. When 10 V is applied to an A.C circuit the current flowing in it is 100 mA. Find its impedance.
    50. In A.C the power P= I2R= VI= in what circumstances it hold true?
    51. What is the main advantage of three phase supply?
    52. How many times per second will an incandescent lamp reach maximum brilliance when 53. connected to 50 Hz source?
    54. Define lenz’s law and give its expression.
    55. Define motional emf and give its expression.
    56. Show that the have the same units.
    57. Can a D.C motor be turned into D.C generator? How?
    58. Write the cause of power dissipation in transformers.
    59. Define self induction and mutual induction. Give their units.
    60. How efficiency of a transformer can be improved?
    61. What is the relation between back emf of motors and current?
    62. Why the motor draws more current when it is overloaded?
    63. How the electron beam is generated in CRO?
    64. Why does the picture on a TV screen become distorted when a magnet is brought near it?
    65. Why the charge particle is projected to the perpendicular to the magnetic field?
    66. What is deflecting couple? How is it used?
    67. A charge particle moves in a straight line through some region of space, is the magnetic field in region zero?
    78. Give two functions of AVO meter?
    69. Why the resistance of ammeter should be very low?
    70. What is the current sensitivity of a galvanometer?
    71. What is shunt resistance?
    72. Do bends in a wire affect its electrical resistance?
    73. What is drift velocity?
    74. Why potentiometer is an accurate measuring instrument?
    75. What is the principle of Wheatstone bridge?
    76. What are the negative coefficients of temperature?
    77. Why does the resistance of a conductor rise with temperature?
    78. Describe the circuit which will give continuously varying current.
    79. Why the resistance of voltmeter should be high?
    80. Write the difference between emf and potential difference.
    81. State Coulomb’s Law.
    82. Write the properties of electric field lines.
    83. What is a capacitor? Also define capacitance and its SI unit.
    84. Define electron volt and electric potential.
    85. Electric lines of forces never cross. Why?
    86. State Gauss’s law and give its expression.
    87. Write two differences between gravitational force and Coulomb’s electrostatic force.
    88. How can you identify which plate of capacitor is positively charged?

    Important Long Questions and Numericals

    1. What is electric field? Find the electric field intensity due to an infinite sheet of charge.
    2. Find electric potential at a point due to a point charge
    3. Write a note on Wheatstone bridge.
    4. Define electric power. Derive an expression for the power dissipated in a resistor.
    5. What is voltmeter? How galvanometer is converted into voltmeter?
    6. A power line 100m high carries a current 200A. Find the magnetic field of the wire at the ground.
    7. A solenoid 15.0 cm long has 300 turns of wire. A current of 5.0A flows through it. What is the magnitude of magnetic field inside the solenoid?
    8. Describe the principle, construction and working of a galvanometer.
    9. An ideal stepdown transformer is connected to main supply of 240 v. It is desired to operate a 12v, 30 watt lamp. Find the current in the primary and transformational ratio.
    10. Describe the principle, construction and working of a D.C generator.
    11. A solenoid has 250 turns and its self inductance is 204 mH. What is the flux through each turn when the current is 2 A. What is the induced emf when current changes at 20 A s-1?
    12. Derive and expression for the energy stored in an inductor and also for the energy density.
    13. Find the value of the current flowing through a capacitance 0.5 uF when connected to a source
    of 150 V at 50 Hz.
    14. Describe A.C through and inductor.
    15. Describe series and parallel resonance circuits?
    16. A 1.0 m copper wire is subjected to stretching force and its length increases by 20 cm. Calculate the tensile strain and the percent elongation which the wire undergoes.
    17. Explain the magnetic properties of solids.
    18. Explain the mechanical properties of solids?
    19. What are semi-conductors? Discuss the formation of P-type and N-type materials with a diagram.
    20. What is operational amplifier? Discuss operational amplifier as inverting amplifier. Calculate its gain.
    21. Calculate the gain of an amplifier in which collector resistance RC is 5kΩ. The input resistance between the bas and emitter of a typical resistor is 2.5 kΩ and value of its β = 100.
    22. Discuss the structure and working of electron microscope.
    23. Write a note on photoelectric effect.
    24. What is the mass of a 70 kg man in a space rocket travelling at 0.8 C from us as measured from the earth?
    25. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 50 V. Calculate de Broglie wavelengths.
    26. What the energies in eV of quanta of wavelength? ƛ = 400, 500, 700 nm.
    27. Describe Bohr’s postulates of hydrogen atom.
    28. Give the uses of laser in medicine and industry.
    29. Explain the working principle of laser.
    30. Define isotopes and describe mass spectrograph to separate different isotopes of an element.
    31. Radiations from a point obey the inverse square law. If the count rate at a distance of 1.0 m from 32.
    32. Geiger counter is 360 counts per minute, what will be its count rate at 3.0 meter from the source?
    33. Describe Wilson cloud chamber to detect radiation.

    Using this estimation paper pdf will help you to understand what kind of questions might be asked and how to conduct your paper. This is my guess based on the recent syllabus of class 12th and all the past papers and exams in the last ten years.

    Physics Estimation Paper 2024 Class 12th PDF Download

    As a 12th grader, Physics is an important and compulsory subject for you. Physics science is a practical subject, and that is why it is considered a tough  12th class Physics to get high score in exam. This assessment paper is based on the new class 12h Physics syllabus.

    Our team has created this assessment paper in PDF format on student interest. 12th class Physics paper seems to be easy for any student to pass. You can understand the nature of the paper by reviewing the 12th grade Physics estimation paper. We have also uploaded the 12th grade Physics matching program. You can download and prepare them to get high score in board exams. The schedule link is given below or you can search on our website. Please let us know if you find any errors.

  • 2nd year chemistry guess paper

    2nd year chemistry guess papers 2024 Punjab Board

    You are trying to get 12th class Chemistry estimation paper 2024 in urdu and english medium then you are on right website. We have uploaded the best quality estimate paper of class 12th Chemistrys in both media.  Our useful Chemistry 12th class estimation paper is valid for all Punjab boards. including BISE Faisalabad, BISE Lahore, BISE Gujranwala, BISE Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), BISE Sargodha, BISE Sahiwal, BISE Multan and BISE Jammu Kashmir. Many students practice Chemistry Guess Paper 2024 by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good grades in the exam.

    Chapter 1

    Important short questions
    1. Why metals are good conductors?
    2. Define hydration energy with examples.
    3. Diamond is a non-conductor but graphite is good conductor. Why?
    4. Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period. Justify.
    5. How does hydrogen resemble with group IV-A elements.
    6. Why oxidation number of noble gases is usually zero?
    7. What is electron affinity? Give its trend in periodic table.
    8. Justify the position of hydrogen at the top of group VII-A elements.
    9. Give reasons that hydration energy of Al3+ ions more than Mg2+ ion?
    10. Give differences of lithium from its own family members.
    11. Why the size of an anion is always greater than its parent atom?
    12. Name various classes of hydrides.
    13. Why metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group of metals?
    14. Alkali metals give ionic hydrides. Why?
    15. Give four uses of nitric acid.

    Important long questions
    1. Give trends of metallic character in groups and periods and discuss the impact of atomic size on it.
    2. Explain the term periodic table and discuss the improvements made in Mendeleeve’s periodic table.
    3. What are hydrides? Discuss their classification and properties.

    Chapter 2

    Important short questions
    1. How does hydrogen resemble with alkali metals?
    2. Write formula of borax and Chile saltpetre.
    3. Give formula of natron and halite.
    4. How will you distinguish between ethanol and propanol.
    5. Give two similar properties of lithium and magnesium.
    6. Write chemical formula of Beryl and Barite.
    7. What are two major problems faced during the working of diaphragm cell?
    8. Why Down’s cell is preferable method for the preparation of sodium on large scale?
    9. Give formula of (i). Dolomite (ii.) Asbestos
    10. What reaction occur when (i). Lithium carbonate is heated (ii). Sodium bicarbonate is heated

    Important long questions
    1. Discuss the preparation of sodium hydroxide on commercial scale by diaphragm cell or Nelson’s cell.
    2. Describe the process of sodium metal manufacturing by Down’s cell.
    3. Complete and balance the following equations
    i. Li2O + H2O ii. Na2O + H2O iii. Mg + (OH)2 iv. NaNO3

    Chapter 3

    Important short questions
    1. Write four uses of Borax.
    2. What is borax bread test?
    3. How is Borax used an water softening agent?
    4. Why are borate glazes preferred over silicate glazes?
    5. Give any four uses of aluminium in our daily life.
    6. Give two similarities between carbon and silicate.
    7. Give reaction of P2O5 with cold and hot water
    8. The aqueous solution of borax is alkaline. Give reason.
    9. What is carbonization?
    10. Explain the structure of CO2.
    11. Write two uses of sodium silicate.
    12. How borax can be prepared from colemanite? Give equation
    13. Write names and formulas of oxyacids of nitrogen.

    Important long questions
    1. Write a note on aluminum silicate.
    2. Write a method for preparation of water glass. Also, write uses of water glass.
    3. How will you convert boric acid into borax and vice versa.

    Chapter 6

    Important short questions
    1. All exercise short questions.

    Important long questions
    1. Write a note : i) Binding energy ii) Paramagnetism.
    2. Explain the following properties for transition element. I) Paramagnetic ii) Colour

    Chapter 7

    Important Short Questions
    1. What is meant by organic chemistry?
    2. What are homocyclic and heterocyclic compounds? Give examples.
    3. Why is ethene an important industrial element?
    4. Define isomers. Write the names of its four types.
    5. What is meant by a functional group? Name typical functional groups containing oxygen.
    6. Define thermal cracking and steam cracking.
    7. What is meant by catenation? Give examples.
    8. What is meant by cis-trans isomerism?
    9. Define tautomerism and give example.
    10. Define alicyclic and aromatic compounds.
    11. What is petroleum? Give its origin.
    12. Why is ethene an important industrial chemical?
    13. What is coal tar? Give its fractions.
    14. How will you define octane number? How it can be improved?
    15. What is iodized salt?
    16. Write the structural formula of two possible isomers of C4H10.
    17. Describe important sources of organic compounds.
    18. What is catalytic cracking?

    Important long questions
    1. What is orbital hybridization? Explain , , and mode of hybridization
    2. Describe the important sources of organic compounds.
    3. Define Isomerism. Explain its types.
    4. Write down the process of cracking of petroleum.

    Chapter 8

    Important short questions
    1. How do you distinguish between ethane and ethyne?.
    2. Why the π bond is more reactive than ϭ bond?
    3. Convert 1-butene to 1-butyne.
    4. Give fours uses of methane.
    5. Synthesize i.benzene ii. Oxalic acid from ethyne.
    6. Convert ethene into ethylalcohol?
    7. What is Markonikov’s rule?
    8. Write a note on acidity of ethene?
    9. Convert methane into formic acid.
    10. What is Raney-Nickel? Give its uses.
    11. Alkanes are less reactive than alkenes. Comment.
    12. Convert ethyne into acetaldehyde.
    13. How cis and trans alkenes are produced? Give reactions.
    14. Convert ethene into ethylalcohol?
    15. What is hydrogenolysis?
    16. What is Baeyer’s Test? Give its uses

    Important Long questions
    1. Describe with examples the acidic nature of alkynes?
    2. Give comparison of reactivity of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
    3. Prepare Ethane from Kolbe’s Electrolytic method. Write down it mechanism.
    4. Give the chemical reactions of ethene with:
    (i) O2 in the presence of Ag2O (ii) Conc. H2SO4 (iii) S2Cl2 (iv) HOCl.

    Chapter 9

    Important short questions
    1. Briefly describe x-ray studies of benzene structure.
    2. Define electrophile. Give two examples.
    3. Give reaction of benzene with ozone.(ozonolysis)
    4. How benzene is converted into maleic acid by catalytic oxidation?
    5. What are aromatic compounds?
    6. Why benzene is less reactive than alkene?
    7. What is Wurts Fitting reaction? Give its importance.
    8. Give two oxidation reactions of benzene.
    9. What are fused rings aromatic compounds?
    10. Give reaction of benzene with SO3.
    11. Prepare benzene from i. n-Hexane ii. Sodium benzoate
    12. Give the mechanism of nitration of Benzene.
    13. Give reactivity of benzene towards electrophiles.
    14. Show Benzene’s cyclic structure with diagram.
    15. Define aromatization.

    Important long questions
    1. Convert Benzene into:
    i) Cyclohexane ii) Maleic acid iii) Glyoxal iv) Benzene sulphonic acid
    2. What are Friedel-Crafts reactions? Explain mechanism of alkylation and acylation of benzene
    3. Write any four chemical methods for the preparation of benzene.
    4. Give reactions of benzene with respect to (i) nitration (ii) sulphonation

    Chapter 10

    Important Short Questions
    1. Prepare (i) ethyl bio alcohol (ii) ethyl acetate from ethyl bromide.
    2. What are primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides? Give example of each.
    3. Explain Markownikov’s rule with suitable example.
    4. Starting from C2H4Br how will you prepare ethane and ethene?
    5. Explain the following reaction: CH4 CH3CH2COOH.
    6. How do you compare SN1 and SN2 mechanism?
    7. How do we get alkyl nitriles from Grignard’s reagent?
    8. What are elimination reactions? Give an example of E1 reaction.
    9. What is Grignard reagent?
    10. What are Alkyl halides? Give their general formula.
    11. What are types of nucleophilic substitution reaction?
    12. Convert ethyl alcohol into their respective halides by using PCl3 and PI5
    13. What is Wurtz synthesis?
    14. What is Grignard reagent?

    Important Long Questions
    1. Describe SN2 reaction of alkyl halides with details.
    2. Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reaction.
    3. Describe β elimination reaction E2 with example.
    4. How the presence of double bond can be detected by using Baeyre’s reagent?

    Chapter 11

    Important short questions
    1. Convert methanol into ethanol
    2. Differentiate between primary and secondary alcohols.
    3. Write structural formula of a)carbolic acid b)glycerol
    4. What are rectified spirit, commercial alcohol and absolute alcohol?
    5. Why water has higher boiling point than ethanol?
    6. Convert methanol into ethanol and acetone into ethyle alcohol.
    7. What is Lucas test?
    8. Give the uses of ethyle alcohols and methyl alcohols.
    9. Ethyl alcohol is liquid while methyl chloride is a gas. Why?
    10. Write the names and formulas of two polyhydric alcohols.
    11. Define fermentation. Give its conditions.
    12. Absolute alcohols cannot be prepared by fermentation. Why?
    13. What is wood-spirit? How is it prepared from water gas?
    14. Write equation for the reaction of C2H5OH with PBr3, PCI5

    Important Long Questions
    1. How alcohols are prepared? Give their properties and uses.
    2. What is either? Give its reactions.
    3. Explain the following properties with reference to phenol: i) Esterification ii)sulphonation

    Chapter 12

    Skip this chapter

    Chapter 13

    Important Short questions
    1. What are peptides and peptide linkage?
    2. What is ninhydrin test?
    3. What are aromatic carboxylic acids?
    4. Give the mechanism for the esterification of the carboxylic acids.
    5. What are essential and non-essential amino acids?
    6. Name five dicarboxylic acids and give their formulas.
    7. What is strecker’s synthesis?
    8. Give four uses of nitric acid.
    9. How carboxylic acid is converted into a-amino acids?
    10. Give four uses of acetic acid.
    11. How ethanol is converted into acetic acid and vice versa?
    12. Define proteins? How do they differ from polypeptides?
    13. What are fatty acids? Give examples.
    14. What are Zwitter ions? Give equation.
    15. How will you prepare acetic acid from ethynes?

    Chapter 14

    Important Short questions
    1. Define carbohydrates. Classify them and give example of each.
    2. What do you mean by rancidity of fats and oils?
    3. Define the following: i. proteins ii. Lipids iii. polymers
    4. How is polystyrene prepared? Give its two uses.
    5. Give the structure of cholesterol.
    6. Write down uses of proteins.
    7. What is saponification number and iodine number?
    8. What are fatty acids? Give examples.
    9. How polymers are classified on the basis of heat effect?

    Chapter 15+16

    Important Short questions
    1. What reaction takes place in decomposition zone during manufacturing of cement?
    2. Which type of woody raw material is used in paper industry?
    3. Write two woody and two non woody raw material for paper pulp manufacture.
    4. What are macro nutrients?
    5. What is role of chlorofluorocarbons in destroying ozone?
    6. How do you compare SN1 and SN2 mechanism?
    7. What is need for fertilizers?
    8. What do you mean by prilling of urea?
    9. What are some commonly used bleaching agents in paper manufacture?
    10. Define clinker? How is it used in manufacturing of Cement.
    11. What is meant by setting of cement?
    12. What is the role of phosphorus in growth of plants?
    13. Give the role/importance of potassium in the growth of plants.
    14. Write names of steps in paper making process.
    15. What do you mean by prilling of urea?

    Using this estimation paper pdf will help you to understand what kind of questions might be asked and how to conduct your paper. This is my guess based on the recent syllabus of class 12th and all the past papers and exams in the last ten years.

    Chemistry Estimation Paper 2024 Class 12th PDF Download

    As a 12th grader, Chemistry is an important and compulsory subject for you. Chemistry science is a practical subject, and that is why it is considered a tough  12th class Chemistry to get high score in exam. This assessment paper is based on the new class 12h Chemistry syllabus.

    Our team has created this assessment paper in PDF format on student interest. 12th class Chemistry paper seems to be easy for any student to pass. You can understand the nature of the paper by reviewing the 12th grade Chemistry estimation paper. We have also uploaded the 12th grade Chemistry matching program. You can download and prepare them to get high score in board exams. The schedule link is given below or you can search on our website. Please let us know if you find any errors.


  • Class 11th Computer Chapter 9: Fundamantals of Internet

    11th Class Chapter 9: Fundamantals of Internet Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Computer Chapter 9 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Computer Chapter 9 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. Differentiate between E-mail Address and URLs?

    Ans. E-mail Address has a user ID and an identity of the email service, separated by the “@” symbol, e.g., bilalartiles1@gmail.com

    • A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a web address used to access websites, consisting of the protocol (e.g., “https://”), domain (e.g., “www.bilalarticles.com”, and path (e.g., “/page”).

    Q2. Sign-up Process on a Web Mail Facility?

    Ans. To sign up for a webmail service, visit the service’s website.

    • Click on the “Sign Up” or “Create Account” button.
    • Provide requested information, such as your name, desired email address, password, and other details.
    • Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the registration.
    • Once registered, you can start using your new email account.

    Download PDf Format

    Like Our Facebook Page For Educational Updates faizulislam

    For the 11th Class Computer Chapter 9 Fundamantals of Internet, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.


  • Class 11th Computer Chapter 8: Word processing

    11th Class Chapter 8: Word processing Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Computer Chapter 8 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Computer Chapter 8 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. Word Wrap?

    Ans. In word processing, Word Wrap is a feature that automatically moves text to the next line when it reaches the defined margins, eliminating the need to manually press the Return key after each line.

    Q2. Headers and Footers?

    Ans. Headers are information added to the top of every page of a document, while footers are information added to the bottom of each page.

    Q3. Thesaurus?

    Ans. thesaurus is a tool for finding synonyms for words. In Microsoft Word, it provides a list of alternate words, making it easier to choose simpler words for more complex ones.

    Q4. Important Features of MS-Word?

    Ans.

    • Editing and inserting text.
    • Copying and moving text.
    • Undo and redo actions.
    • Adding headers and footers.
    • Document formatting.

    Download PDf Format

    Like Our Facebook Page For Educational Updates faizulislam

    For the 11th Class Computer Chapter 8 Word processing, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.


  • Class 11th Computer Chapter 7: windown Operating System

    11th Class Chapter 7: windown Operating System Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Computer Chapter 7 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Computer Chapter 7 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. Rules for File and Folder Names?

    • Ans. File or folder names can have a maximum of 255 characters, including spaces and periods.
    • Characters like “”, “?”, “<“, “>”, and “/” are not allowed in file or folder names.
    • Names should be relevant to the stored information, and “School name” is an example of a valid name in Windows.

    Q2. Description of Windows Desktop Screen?

    • Ans. The Windows Desktop is the on-screen workspace.
    • It’s where you see application windows, icons, menus, and dialog boxes.
    • It serves as the entry point in Windows, displaying icons for various applications and computer resources.
    • Icons like My Computer, My Documents, and Recycle Bin provide user interaction for various operations.

    Q3. How to Use the Recycle Bin?

    • Ans. The Recycle Bin is used when you delete files or icons on your computer.
    • You can retrieve them by double-clicking the Recycle Bin.
    • It’s useful for recovering accidentally deleted important files and papers.
    • Click the “Restore” option in the Recycle Bin to recover these items.


    Q4. What is file compression, and why is it useful?

    • Ans. File compression is the process of reducing the size of a file (or files) to occupy less disk space.
    • It is commonly used when sending files over low-bandwidth connections to make the transfer faster.
    • Compressed files need to be decompressed with appropriate software to return them to their original state for use.

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    For the 11th Class Computer Chapter 7 windown Operating System, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.


  • Class 11th Computer Chapter 6: Security copyright and law

    11th Class Chapter 6: Security copyright and law Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Computer Chapter 6 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Computer Chapter 6 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. What is a Computer Virus?

    Ans. A computer virus is a program or piece of code that can infect a computer system and its stored files. It can infiltrate the computer’s memory without the user’s knowledge and replicate itself, potentially causing harm. Computer viruses are typically written in a programming language and are often found in infected files.

    Q2. How can we protect our data from viruses?

    Ans. To protect data from viruses, you can:

    • Install and regularly update antivirus programs.
    • Minimize data transfer using removable storage media.
    • Avoid downloading freeware or shareware programs from untrusted sources.
    • Never open emails from unknown senders.

    Q3. Why is it necessary to backup data regularly?

    Ans. Regular data backup involves creating duplicate copies of your data on secondary storage. It’s essential because it safeguards your important data from loss, deletion, or corruption due to various reasons, ensuring you can recover it when needed.

    Q4. What is meant by Copyright? Explain?

    Ans. Copyright is a legal concept that protects the rights of creators and owners of creative works. It grants creators exclusive ownership and control over their work, ensuring that others cannot use it without permission. Copyright ensures creators receive fair compensation for their work and that it is used only by those who have acquired the appropriate rights.

    Q5. What is the Data Protection Act, and what are its principles?

    Ans. Data Protection Act: The Data Protection Act comprises laws that ensure data protection. Many countries have enacted their versions, with some advanced Western nations effectively enforcing these laws. These acts are generally based on common principles.

    Data Protection Principles: There are eight data protection principles within these acts. Their main purpose is to safeguard individuals’ data from unauthorized use and disclosure when stored on a computer system. These principles include:

    1. Lawful Processing: Data must be obtained and processed for lawful purposes only.
    2. Specified and Lawful Purposes: Data should be held for specified and lawful purposes.
    3. Data Usage and Disclosure: Data held for any purpose should not be used or disclosed in unauthorized ways.
    4. Relevance: Data should be relevant to the specified purpose.
    5. Accuracy and Currency: Data should be accurate and, when necessary, kept up to date.
    6. Data Retention: Data should not be kept for longer than necessary for its purpose.
    7. Data Subject’s Rights: Individuals have the right to access their personal data upon request.
    8. Security Measures: Appropriate security measures should protect personal data from unauthorized access, alteration, disclosure, loss, or destruction.

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    For the 11th Class Computer Chapter 6 Security copyright and law, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.


  • Class 11th Computer Chapter 5: Computer Architecture

    11th Class Chapter 5: Computer Architecture Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Computer Chapter 5 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Computer Chapter 5 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. What is a computer, and what is computer hardware? Describe one input and one output device.

    Ans. Computer: A computer is an electronic machine that processes data based on a set of instructions. It can accept, process, and store data, making it useful for various tasks.

    Computer Hardware: Computer hardware consists of the physical components of a computer that you can touch and see. Input/output devices (e.g., mouse, keyboard, printer, monitor), CPU, and memory are examples of computer hardware.

    Input Device (Keyboard): An input device like a keyboard is used to provide data and instructions to the computer. It is commonly used to enter text and numeric data into the computer.

    Output Device (Printers): An output device, such as a printer, is used to receive processed data from the computer and present it in a format that the user can understand. Printers produce hard copies of output, including characters, symbols, and graphics.

    (B) What is the purpose of the Instruction Register (IR) in a computer system?

    Instruction Register (IR): The Instruction Register stores instructions fetched from main memory. The control unit uses it to decode and execute instructions by signaling the appropriate computer components to carry out tasks.

    (C) Write a short note on Main Memory?

    Main Memory: Main memory is where programs and data are stored while the processor actively uses them. It allows the processor to interact with data and instructions quickly. Main memory is often referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory).

    (D) Describe the Control Unit (CU)?

    Control Unit (CU): The Control Unit is a vital part of the CPU, supervising the computer’s activities. It controls and coordinates other units, receives data and instructions from input devices, stores them in main memory, and manages the execution of instructions.

    (E) Define the purpose of the following registers in Computer Systems?

    (i) Data Address Register (DAR) (Memory Address Register – MAR): The DAR (or MAR) holds memory addresses of data and instructions, allowing the CPU to access the required memory locations during the execution phase of an instruction.

    (ii) Instruction Register (IR): The IR stores instructions fetched from main memory, which are then decoded and executed by the control unit, enabling the computer to perform tasks.

    Q2. What is the purpose of the Instruction Register (IR) in a computer system?

    Ans. Instruction Register (IR): In a computer system, when an instruction is fetched from the main memory, it is stored in the Instruction Register (IR). The control unit takes instructions from this register, decodes them, and executes them by sending signals to the appropriate computer components to carry out the task.

    Q3. Write a short note on Main Memory?

    Ans. Main Memory: Main memory is where programs and data are temporarily stored while the processor actively uses them. It is closely connected to the processor, allowing fast data access. Main memory is often referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory).

    Q4. Describe Control Unit (CU)?

    Ans. Control Unit (CU): The Control Unit is a crucial part of the CPU and serves as the computer’s supervisor. It controls and coordinates all other computer units, receiving data and instructions from input devices and storing them in main memory. The CU manages the execution of instructions, fetching them from the memory unit and decoding and executing them sequentially.

    Q5. Define the purpose of the following registers in Computer Systems?

    Ans. (i) Data Address Register (DAR): Also known as the Memory Address Register (MAR), it holds memory addresses of data and instructions. The DAR is used to access data and instructions from memory during the execution phase of an instruction, allowing the CPU to read or write data at specific memory locations.

    (ii) Instruction Register (IR): The IR stores instructions fetched from the main memory. The control unit extracts instructions from this register, decodes them, and executes them by sending signals to the appropriate computer components to perform the specified tasks.

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    For the 11th Class Computer Chapter 5 Computer Architecture, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.


  • Class 11th Computer Chapter 4: Applications and uses of Computer

    11th Class Chapter 4: Applications and uses of Computer Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Computer Chapter 4 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Computer Chapter 4 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. Computer Simulation and Weather Forecast?

    (a) Uses of Computer Simulation?

    Ans.Computer simulation creates artificial models of systems, helping with training, environmental familiarization, and educational understanding. For instance, it’s used in pilot training, allowing students to conduct complex experiments.

    Q2. How can computers be useful in weather forecasting?

    Ans.Computerized weather forecasting systems gather data from various sources, including weather stations, airports, and satellites. They process this data to generate weather forecasts. This technology aids in predicting complex weather patterns and is used by organizations like the SPARCO weather forecasting department.

    (a) List three uses of computer in E-commerce.

    1. Electronic Shopping (E-Shopping): Customers can buy goods and services online from businesses, making use of computers from home, work, or cyber cafes.
    2. Video Conferencing: Businesses conduct virtual meetings between people at different locations, saving time and travel costs.
    3. Electronic Banking: Customers can perform online banking transactions from home, work, or while on the go, eliminating the need to visit physical bank locations.

    Q4. How can computers be useful in business?

    Ans. Computers are essential in the global business landscape. They expedite various business processes, reduce administrative paperwork, and enable online sales and customer communication

    Q5. How can computers be useful in education?

    Ans. Computers revolutionize education by allowing students to solve problems efficiently and access vast information online. They are used in colleges and universities through methods like Computer-Aided Learning (CAL), Computer-Based Training (CBT), and Online Education, enhancing teaching and learning experiences.

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    For the 11th Class Computer Chapter 4 Applications and uses of Computer, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.


  • Class 11th Computer Chapter 3: Data communications

    11th Class Chapter 3: Data communications Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Computer Chapter 3 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Computer Chapter 3 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. What is data communication?

    Ans.Data communication is the process of electronically transferring data from one place to another, facilitated by transmission media and communication devices.

    Q2. What are the basic elements of data communication?

    Ans. The fundamental components of data communication include sending and receiving devices, communication devices, and the transmission medium.

    Q3. What is communication media in data communication?

    Ans. Communication media, also known as communication channels, are the paths through which data is transmitted. Examples include telephone lines, twisted pair wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, microwave, and satellites.

    Q4. What are the two main types of communication media?

    Ans. Communication media are categorized into two main types: physical transmission media (bounded media) and wireless transmission media (unbounded media).

    Q5. Can you explain physical transmission media with examples?

    Ans. Physical transmission media involve directly connecting communication devices with physical media. Examples include twisted pair wires (used in LAN), coaxial cables (used by cable TV and telephone companies), and fiber optics (used by telephone companies, ISPs, and cable TV operators).

    Q6. Describe wireless transmission media and provide examples?

    Ans.Wireless transmission media allow communication devices to exchange data through the air or space, using radio signals, microwave signals, and infrared signals. Examples include microwave transmission (utilizing high-frequency radio waves), communication satellites (space stations sending and receiving data), and mobile communication (radio-based networks for mobile computers).

    Q7. What is modulation in data communication?

    Ans.Modulation is the process of converting digital signals into analog form to facilitate data transmission. It combines data or message signals with carrier waves or signals, allowing information to be transmitted through space as electromagnetic waves.

    Q8. What are three basic methods of modulation, and how do they work?

    Ans. Three fundamental modulation methods are:

    1. Amplitude Modulation (AM): Modifies the carrier wave’s amplitude to represent binary digits 1 (presence of the carrier wave) and 0 (absence of the carrier wave). Commonly used in AM radio broadcasts.
    2. Frequency Modulation (FM): Alters the carrier wave’s frequency to represent binary digits 0 (original carrier frequency) and 1 (higher frequency). Commonly used in radio transmissions.
    3. Phase Modulation (PM): Varies the phase of the carrier wave to represent binary digits 1 and 0, similar to frequency modulation.

    Q9. What are the basic elements of a data communication system?

    Ans. The fundamental elements of a data communication system include:

    1. Sender/Transmitter (e.g., computer or telephone)
    2. Message (data or information to be transmitted)
    3. Medium or Communication Channel (path for data transmission, e.g., telephone line or fiber optics)
    4. Receiver (e.g., computer, telephone, or printer)
    5. Encoder and Decoder (used to convert signals between different forms)

    Q10. How do asynchronous and synchronous transmissions differ?

    Ans. Asynchronous Transmission:

    • Data is sent character by character.
    • Data is not stored before transmitting.
    • May have gaps between transmitted characters.
    • Uses start and stop bits to control information transmission. Synchronous Transmission:
    • Data is transmitted block by block or word by word.
    • Data is stored before transmission.
    • No gaps between transmitted characters.
    • Relies on clock signals for information transmission control.

    Q11. What’s the difference between Narrow Band and Broad Band in data communication?

    Ans.Narrow Band:

    • Low-speed transmission, typically 40 to 300 bps or baud.
    • Used for low-speed teletypewriter communication and similar devices. Broad Band:
    • High-speed transmission, capable of rates around 56,000 bps or baud.
    • Utilized when significant amounts of data need to be transmitted at high speeds.

    Q12. What is meant by Simplex and Half-Duplex modes of communication?

    Ans. Simplex Mode:

    • Data flows in only one direction; unidirectional.
    • Devices can either send or receive data but not both simultaneously.
    • An example is traditional television broadcasting. Half-Duplex Mode:
    • Data can flow in both directions but not simultaneously.
    • Devices can send or receive data but not at the same time.
    • Internet surfing, where users send requests and receive web pages one at a time, is an example of half-duplex communication.

    Q12. Why is Fiber Optic cable used for communication?

    Ans.Fiber Optic cable is chosen for communication because it offers high-speed data transmission (usually 1Gbps to 2Gbps) and is not affected by electromagnetic interference. Its optical properties, like refraction, enable the transmission of data as light waves. Many telephone and cable TV companies employ fiber optic cables for communication, making it a preferred choice for modern communication systems.

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    For the 11th Class Computer Chapter 3 Data communications, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.

  • Class 11th Computer Chapter 2: Information Network

    11th Class Chapter 2: Information Network Short and Simple Question & Answer

    We are aware that you are searching for 11th Class  Computer Chapter 2 Notes on the internet. The notes are well-written, simple, and organized in an easy-to-understand manner and according to the new syllabus. At the bottom of these notes, you will find a download button to make your life easier. These notes for 11th Class Computer Chapter 2 User Interaction are available to download or view. Many students practice 2024 Computer Notes questions by FAIZ UL ISLAM and get good marks in the exam.

    Q1. Describe Computer Network?

    Ans. A computer network is a collection of computers and devices linked together through communication channels, allowing them to share information and resources like printers and hard disks. This interconnection can be achieved through various technologies, including cables, telephone lines, radio waves, and satellites. The internet is one of the most popular examples of a computer network.

    Q2. Distinguish between Dedicated Server Network and Peer-to-Peer Network?

    Ans. Dedicated Server Network:

    • In a dedicated server network, computers are classified as either servers or clients.
    • One or more computers act as dedicated servers that control the network.
    • Data and program files are primarily stored on the dedicated server, making data management efficient.
    • Often used in large organizations for enhanced security.

    Peer-to-Peer Network:

    • In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are peers, acting as both servers and clients.
    • There is no dedicated server or central computer controlling the network.
    • Each computer stores its data and program files, making data management less efficient.
    • Suitable for small offices and offers lower security.

    Q3. Define Workgroup Computing?

    Ans. Workgroup computing refers to a group of individuals working together on a specific task and sharing information through a computer network. It is a form of collaborative computing where members of the group can access and exchange information over the network.

    Q4. Two Disadvantages of Workgroup Computing?

    1. Ans. Setting up individual accounts and passwords on each machine can be time-consuming. Passwords may become out of sync if changed on one computer and not on others.
    2. Workgroup computing is not easily scalable. As the number of computers increases beyond a certain point (e.g., more than 10), setting up accounts for new users becomes increasingly time-consuming.

    Q5. Define Network Topology?

    Ans. Network topology refers to the way computers and nodes are connected within a computer network. It defines the arrangement and structure of the network, specifying how devices communicate and interact with each other.

    Q6. Explanation of Types of Network Topologies?

    Ans. There are several common network topologies, including:

    1. Bus Topology: All nodes connect to a central communication medium (bus).
    2. Star Topology: All nodes connect directly to a central device, such as a hub or switch.
    3. Ring Topology: Nodes are connected in a circular chain.
    4. Mesh Topology: Each node is connected to every other node, offering redundancy and robustness.
    5. Tree Topology: Combines characteristics of both bus and star topologies, forming a hierarchical structure.

    Q7. Comparison of BUS and STAR Topologies?

    Ans. Bus Topology:

    • Nodes connected to a common communication medium (bus).
    • Data and destination addresses sent through the bus.
    • Data moves from one computer to another until it reaches the destination.

    Star Topology:

    • Nodes directly connected to a central device (hub/switch).
    • Sending computer sends data to the hub, which then forwards it to the receiving computer.

    Q8. Three Benefits of Networks?

    1. Ans. Communication: Networks enable cost-effective communication through methods like email, chat, telephone, and video conferencing.
    2. Data Sharing: Users can share data and information easily among authorized network users.
    3. Resource Sharing: Resources like printers, scanners, hard disks, and modems can be shared among different network users.

    Q9. Define Computer Bus and Its Functions?

    • Ans. Computer Bus: A computer bus is a set of electrical paths that enable the CPU to send and receive data and instructions to and from various computer components. It has a specific bus width, indicating the amount of data it can carry at once.
    • Functions of Computer Bus: A computer bus connects all devices within a computer system. Its speed, known as bus clock speed, affects overall computer performance. Bus clock speed is measured in megahertz (MHz).

    Q11. Explanation of OSI, Protocols, Network Layer, and Circuit Switched Network?

    • Ans. OSI (Open System Interconnection): OSI is a complete model for network communication that covers all aspects of network communications. It consists of seven layers, each with specific functions.
    • Protocols: Protocols are sets of rules for exchanging data between computers on a network. They define what, how, and when data is communicated. Examples include TCP/IP, SLIP, PPP, HTTP, and FTP.
    • Network Layer: The network layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating network connections. It manages data delivery from source to destination, determining logical paths between sender and receiver. Common protocols operating at this level are IP, IPX, and X.25.
    • Circuit Switched Network: In a circuit-switched network, a dedicated connection is established between two nodes before they can communicate. A temporary circuit is set up, and it remains connected for the duration of the communication session, mimicking a physical circuit. Telephone networks are an example of circuit-switched networks.

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    For the 11th Class Computer Chapter 2 Information Network, this set of notes follows the new syllabus, as it is for all Punjab boards. Other boards offer notes that different from this set. Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, Lahore Board, Multan Board, Sahiwal Board, AJK Board are some of the boards in Punjab.

    the purpose of these notes was to make them as effective as possible. However, mistakes are still possible no matter how hard we try. In any case, if you see them, please let us know by commenting below. We appreciate your ideas and suggestions for improving the study material. Our efforts are meant to benefit all of the community, so we encourage you to share them with your friends, as “Sharing is caring“.